FEW QUESTIONS - DO WE NEED A NEW CONSTITUTION TO SRI LANKA

DO WE NEED A NEW CONSTITUTION TO SRI LANKA

DO WE NEED A NEW CONSTITUTION TO SRI LANKA

Dr. D. Tennakoon

Summary

According to the 1972 Constitution of the Republic of Sri Lanka, the nominated President had to perform his powers and duties according to the advice of the Cabinet of Ministers.  But, purposively included provision, that Article 27[1] which clearly indicated that the President of Sri Lanka shall perform his powers and duties according to the advice of Prime Minister only. This created a situation of one man's domination of the exercice of powers of the executive Government.   

There was an one reason, that, even when UNP could not get  sufficient number of PMs in the parliament at a General Election, UNP as single party had obtained more votes than other parties, and this had indicated  that the sytem of elected Presiden was introduced, that prsident is certainly elected from the UNP party.  

On this basis elected presidential system was not introduced in the "System of the Government" established by the 1972 Constitution.  But this situation was drastically changed since 1999 presidention Election, may be due to many complicated reasons.  One basic feature of the 1972 Constitution is that "the stability of the Prime Minister's Government cannot be guaranteed nowadays, as it depends on the confidence and trust of the MPs in the Parliament upon the Prime Minister.  The main and confident characteristic of the 1978 Constitution of Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is with a strong and flexible model of Government, and the assured stability of the Executive Government, and the secured streagnth of the Parliament.  

WE SHOULD KEEP IN OUR MINDS, THAT CREATING NEW ENVIRONMENTS IN PARTY POLITICS IN SRI LANKA, ATTEMPTS TO GOING BACK TO COMPLETE "PARLIAMENTARY EXECUTIVE SYSTEM" COULD CREATE MUCH PROBLEMS.   IT EXACTLY SHOW PROBABILITY TO DISMANTLE GOVERNMENTS BEFORE COMPLETION OF ITS TERM IN OFFICE. THESE RESULTS ARE INDUCTING AND COMING PROM THE CURRENT AFFAIRS OF CIVIL SOCIETIES, MEDIA FREEDOM, GROWING LEFTIST IDEOLOGIES AND OTHER SOMANY THINGS.

DO WE NEED A NEW CONSTITUTION TO SRI LANKA

The question depends on the desire of politicians and scholars, and particularly the people.   According to given arguments above, while one can express his desire to formulate a new constitution, another person can express his desire to improve the existing constitution.  What ever it may be, it should cope with the need of the present time.

We can look at the how the Indian Constituent Assembly operated in 1949.  The Constituent Assembly of India in 1949 consisted many politicians/political leaders who played main role in getting swaraj status.  The had some task focused committees, and following members lead the committees: Shri Jawaharlal Nehru; Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel; Dr. K.M. Munshi; Shri Gopalswami  Ayyangar; Shri Bishwanath Das; Sir B.N. Rau; and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.  The draft report of the Indian Constitution was prepared by Sir B.N. Rau and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

They have expressed that, “The Indian Government Act of 1935” was useful, because a federal system was introduced to British Indian Empire by this 1935 Act.  This ct was prepared by the British Government in GB with help of local political leaders.  They accepted the difficulty of reformulating the  power of Union and power of Provincial Governments, later name of Provincial governments changed as “State Governments”.   The most important thing was allocating subjects to the “Provincial Governments”.  They come to conclusion that the Union shall have power to undertake actions in regard to overall national, and national economic development.

A CONSTITUTION SHOULD NOT BE RIGID?

Indian national leaders strongly believed that the Constitution should not be rigid, it should be flexible.

In 1947 Pandith Nehru expressed the future vision of India in relation to the promotion of international peace; “The only possible, real object that we, in common with other nations, can have is the object of cooperating in building up some kind of a world structure, call it one world, call it what you like” [Basu, 2001, p125].  The India had declared its sovereignty to manage country’s own affairs, without unmistakable terms, they assumed the “Constitution” does not support isolationism or “jingoism”.  Indian sovereignty is consisted with the concept of “one world”, international peace and amity.

Pandith Nehru had several times expressed that a Constitution should be flexible.  In 1948, he expressed that “while we want this Constitution to be as solid and permanent as we can make it, there is no permanence in “Constitutions”.  There should be a certain flexibility.  If you make anything rigid and permanent you stop the nation’s growth, growth of a living, vital, organic people… In any event, we could not make this ‘Constitution’ as rigid that it cannot be adopted to changing conditions…. World is in turmoil and we are passing through a very swift period of transition, what we may do today, may not be wholly capable tomorrow” [ibid, 2001].  This flexibility has been illustrated as during first 50 years after independence, the Indian Constitution has been amended 83 times.

In power devolution main two considerations are most important:

1.     Power of the central government, and subjects of administration by the central government, and subjects for the Parliament has power for enactments,

2.     Power of the Provincial Governments, and subjects of administration by the Provincial Government.

For these two reasons, the constituent assembly should consult MPs, and civil societies, and scholars.

Today Lankadeepa news paper [19.01.2017] revealed that Reverend Rathana Thero had made a deep announcement over TV media, but he had not seen any copy of draft of the new Constitution.  We can’t understand, if that news is correct, why Rathana Thero made a big voice over media.  May be due to high temper of hearing some gossip, or may be hearing some thing real about the unpublished proposals of constitution.   The President as the leader of the SLFP, and the Prime Minister as the leader of UNP should stand on :

1.     Model of the government, [systems of the government, its structures and its main features,

2.     Systems of power penetration from Executive head to the Cabinet of Ministers, and to the “State Service”/Public Servants Level; and the power of Cabinet of Ministers to act as an “Advisory Board” in the exercise of Executive Powers,

3.     Model of Devolution of powers to Provincial Governments; in this case most important thing is the transfer of Subjects to the provincial Councils/Governments, i.e:

i.                   Subjects of Provincial Governments,

ii.                 Power of Central Government: Central Executive and Central Legislative power for subjects such as: [i] National Economic Development in the overall national territory, [ii] National social Development in the overall national territory, and [iii] National Cultural Development and Social Integration in the overall national territory.

According to my personal opinion, the President, or The Prime Minister, or the Eminent Ministers in the Cabinet of Ministers have no virtual right to escape from this responsibility. We should stop giving personal impressions on the New Constitution.  We should not express popular statements over media. We should take responsibility.  Please do not escape from responsibilities.  Please directly express your views to people without hesitate.  I think it is better to desist from elusive techniques, and to express people, whether we need a new Constitution, and answer is “yes”, give your “model” of new government.  If you do not like to have new Constitution, please come forward and express your decisions. My advice is please don’t base any thing on party politics, and don’t think about strategies to follow to change people’s interest to compete with each other party to get votes.   I think this phenomenon has come forward, giving getting priority, instead of needy accelerated economic and social development in Sri Lanka.  My personal opinion is the Government is wasting time, time is the gold, think about the country, think about the economy, think about the sever state of unemployment, think about the lower state of incomes.  The Cabinet of Ministers have virtual right to handle the executive power for escaping the severe situation faced Sri Lanka.

The ethnic cooperation can be reached only by regional economic development and raise the incomes of the inhabitants.  There is no any mean to solve the communal unrest.

President Rajapakshe had much opportunity after 2009 to undertake large scale regional development programmes in Sri Lanka, and cultural integration programmes, but he didn’t.  He had much opportunity to initiate special projects for rehabilitation of important archeological sites in the war affected areas, but he didn’t.  There was no advisory aid for him to do so.  Our religious leaders were paralyzed, but they were keen of their own personal benefit and luxurious lives.  They were too much interested to talk, hold conferences, deep expressions over TV media, and popular publicity, but actually they were looked paralyzed.

Rather than the matter of new Constitution [no one can say it is not important], the most important issue is that, the Hon. President and the Hon. Prime Minister needs to work collectively and cohesively to address the current situations; the crisis of the economy, the question of economic transformation, acceleration of the economy, integrated regional economic development, building of international cooperation in industrialization, and the so on.   the hon. president as the head of the Executive has more responsibility in all these issues.  The cabinet of ministers cannot ignore all these, they have to elucidate the truth, and elusive expressions always make ambiguity among the people.

During 1978-1988, then Government initiated four accelerated programmes: 1. Accelerated Integrated Regional Development Programme, 2. Accelerated Mahaweli Development Programme, 3. Accelerated Industriazation Programme, 4. Accelerated Basic Needs Programme, i.e. Housing, Janasaviya,  Health and Education Programmes.

Dialogue Between Ms. Maggiya and Mr. Maharala

Maggiya:  O,oh; Maharale, isn’t it true, that leagues and gangs those who fired Lanka, demonstrated ‘harthal’, protested and made loud voice against to Provincial Council Bill in 1987, were in wrong stand against your draft bill of proposals for transferring powers to Central Parliament/Central Executive.

Maharala:          O ho; yeh, Maggiyo;  Now we are in a season of turmoil.  All they opposed to my proposals;

                “Eat and Eat creates fond of tasty,

                Fond of tasty inspires with the eagerness,

                Eagerness intrigues with the affection,

                Affection misleads the direction of the right path”

Maggiya:  Is it correct?

Maharala: Can’t you see?

Maggiya: Oh; Yeh.

THE POVERTY MEASURED ON NUTRITIONAL  FOOD CONSUMPTION NORMS  IS ON THE PACE OF RISING, AS 42% IN THE RURAL SECTOR AND 51% IN THE STATE SECTOR HOUSEHOLDS ARE LIVING BELOW POVERTY LINE.  WE SHOULD ENCOURAGE ACCELERATED REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN OVERALL PROVINCES IN THE ISLAND.  WE SHOULD NOT ENCOURAGE FOR CREATING GEOGRAPHICAL ETHNIC REGIONS IN THE ISLAND AS IT HAS BEEN IN OPERATION SINCE 1920S WITH THE BRITISH PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT IN SRI LANKA. MANY MIGRANTS BROUGHT TO PLANTATIONS WERE RESETTLED IN DRY ZONE AREAS BY BUINESS MERCHANTS TO CULTIVATE THEIR ENCROACHED CROWN LANDS IN THE GRI ZANE AREAS. ONLY WAY TO  ESTABLISH ETHNICAL COHESION, COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT TOGETHER IS THE UNDERTAKING OF RAPID REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES.

_______________________________________________________________________

Dr. D. Tennakoon

DO WE NEED A NEW CONSTITUTION?

kj wdKavql%u jHjia:djla wjYHu o@ 

(This Article is Wrritten in "Singhala Language.)

SummaryThis Part is Written in Sinhala Language.
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01' zzkj wdKavql%u jHjia:djZZ la u.ska ia:dms; lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk zzkj wdKavql%ufhaZZ kHhd;aul miqìu yd tys wdlD;sh ms<sn|j mQj_ ie,eiaula we;a o@ 

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wm ±ka idlÉPd lrkafka lreKq folla iïnJOfhks'

^01& ckdêm;sjrhd yd wud;H uKav,h w;r úOdhl n,h fn§ hk ixfYdaOkhl wjYH;djh'

fuu mrud¾:h uqÿka muqKqjd .ekSug" 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 43 jeks jHjia:djg ixfYdaOk tl;= l< hq;= jkafka h'  tu ixfYdaOk j,g my; i|yka lreKq we;=<;a lsÍu ms<sn|j fhdackd lrñ'  tkï"

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^3& 44 jeks jHjia:djg o wod, ixfYdaOk fhdackd lrñ' 

^i& ckdêm;sjrhd úiska hïlsis wud;HxYhl fyda hïlsis úIhka ;ud Ndrfha mjrd.kakd ,oafoa kï" tu wud;HxY yd úIhka ms<sn| lghq;= zziïm%odhsl wud;H uKav,ZZ /iaùï j,§ idlÉPd lsÍu i|yd zzúIhNdr weu;sjrekaZZ ckdêm;sjrhd úiska u m;al< hq;= nj" iy

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^02& fojk ldrKh kï n,h úuOHh .; lsÍuhs'

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                   ^  2   W;a;rh zzTõZZ kï ta iïnJOfhka md¾,sfïka;=fõ uka;%S jrekaf.ka ;=fkka foll

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______________________________________________________________________________

01' cd;sl wfmaCId iy Ôjn,h

zzuu Y%S ,dxlslfhl= jYfhka" uf.a rgg" Y%S ,xldjg buy;aj wdorh lrñ" .re lrñ'  tfiau" Y%S ,dxlslfhl= jYfhka uf.a cd;shg" tkï" isxy," fou<" uqia,sï jYfhka jk Y%S ,dxlsl cd;shg wdorh lrñ" .re lrñ'  Y%S ,dxlsl ck;djf.a fi!Nd.Hh" hii yd wd;audNsudkh wfmaCId lrk w;r" ta ;;a;ajh fj; ,Õdùu i|yd ish¨ iyh o" wdYs¾jdoh o ,nd foñ'ZZ  

 tl w;lska" úúO jQ foaYmd,k o¾YK yd u; ;=, ysr ù isák iq¿;rhlf.a ld,hg fkd.e,fmkakd jQ foaYmd,k wjysr ;djhka o" wfkla w;g foúhka wNsnjd ke.S tk id;kaf.a yd Tyqf.a wkq.dñl hCIhkaf.a oreKq ueÈy;aùu ;=< udkisl wia:djrh;ajhg m;ajkakd jQk wysxil rgjeishdo iy ta w;r l,amkhl fhfok nqoaêu;=ka o Tjqka ish¨ fokd o" wirKhka njg m;ajkafka h'   m%cd;ka;%jd§ foaYmd,k o¾YKh ;=< wênyqr;hlf.a yd nyq;rhlf.a tlÕ;ajh u; rdcHh md,k hka;%Kh l%shd;aul ùu yer fjk;a l%uhla ;ju;a fidhd f.k ke;'  bÈka" nyq;rhlf.a leue;a; mßÈ .kakd ,o" wjxl yd ld,Sk jkakd jQ m%;sm;a;s iq¿;rhlf.a ueÈy;aùfuka wl%Sh l< hq;=jkafka o@ tjeks wjn, rdcHhlska ck;d wNsm%dhka ksisf,i l%shd;aul l< yelafla o@

 kj wdKavql%u jHjia:djla wjYHh o@  wdKavql%u jHjia:d uQ,Ou_ iïnJO wmg úfYaI ±kSï iïNdrhla ;sfí'  1930 .Kkaj, isg 1947 olajd ì%;dkHh md¾,sfïka;=j úiska ,ndÿka m%;sixialrK yd jHjia:d o" Y%S ,xld ckrcfha wdKavql%u jHjia:dj 1972" iy Y%S ,xld m%cd;ka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha wdKavql%u jHjia:dj - 1978 o" tu jHjia:djg tlalrk ,o ixfYdaOk ;=< o" úfoaY rdcHhkaf.a wdKavql%u jHjia:d ;=< o fuu ±kSu .eíj we;s" fndfyda úYdrohka yd kS;s úpdrlhka fuu ±kSu ta w; fï w; fmr<ñka úfõpk idlÉPd fufyhj;s'   ;j;a iuyre w¨;a jHjia:d iE§ug wr w¢;s'  ksoyi ,ndf.k jir 69 hla ;=< wmsg b,lalh lrd <Õdùug fkdyels jQfha wmg fyd| wdKavql%u jHjia:djla ke;s ksid hhs o" w;sYhska lkiai,a,g m;aj isák ck fldgila" tkï foaYmd,{hka " rgjeis iudc" nqoaêu;=ka iy iuyr ckfldgia" fï rg ;=< isá;s' we;a; jYfhkau wdKavql%u jHjia:djla fukau th l%shdjg kÕkakd jQ thg jeo.;a lula fokakd jQ" thg Ôjn,hla fokakd jQ ckfldgila o isáh hq;af;a h'  mj;akd wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka wmfj; ,nd § we;s n,h ksis mßÈ l%shd;aul lsÍug tl w;lska lemjqK rgjeis msßila o" wfkla w;g wjxl iy Ôjn,hlska hqla; jQ rdcHh hka;%Khla o" ;sìh hq;af;a h'  rdcHh hka;%Kh kï rdcHh n,h l%shd;aul jkakd jQ ;%súO n, hka;%Khhs'  tkï"

 1' jHjia:dodhlh ^md¾,sfïka;=j&

 2' úOdhlh (  tkï 

 i' úOdhl ckdêm;s" ii' w.%dud;Hh we;=¿ wud;H uKav,h  iii'úOdhlh - rdcHh ks,Odß úOdhlh'
3' wêlrKh ( wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka yd fjk;a j,x.= kS;shlg wkqj l%shd;aul jk zzwêlrKZZ moaO;shhs'

fuu ;%s;aj ia:dkfhysu" tkï"

  i' jHjia:dodhlh - md¾,sfïka;=j"  ii'     úOdhlh iy    iii'   wêlrKh hk ;=ka;efkysu mj;skakd jQ cd;s ysff;YS jQ" foaYSh ysff;YS jQ wjxl Ndjh yd Ôjn,h ;j ;j;a jeä ÈhqKq l< hq;= nj yd ckdêm;sjrdhf.a yd w.ue;sjrhdf.a iyfhda.fhka hq;=j fuu lreK ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhoùu wjYH njo" uf.a mqoa.,sl u;hhs'  Ôj n,hla yd rg" cd;sh" wd.u ms<sn|j wdorhla ke;s cd;shla f,dalfha lsisÿ rgl ÈhqKq ù ke;'  tjeks rgj,a È<s÷lfuka" md;d,fhka ysr ù isáhs'  rgjeishd;a" rdcHh hka;%Khla Ôjn,fhka f;drjQ úg wdKavql%u jHjia:dj yd kS;s moaO;sh o kslïu kslka ;j;a zzmqia;lhla fyda fmd;a f.dkakla njg m;a fõ'  wmf.a j¾;udk wdKavql%u jHjia:djg t,a,jk ish¨ fpdaokd j,ska 80] lau" rdcHh hka;%Kh ;=< isá zzmqoa.,hkaf.aZZ ÿ¾j,;d iy Tjqka zzn,hZZ hkak flf¾ ±la jQ wdl,amh ;=< ;snQ ÿ¾j,;d" md¾,sfïka;=j úOdhlh flf¾ ±la jQ wdl,amh iy Tjqka ;=< ;snQ ySkjQ Ôjn,;a" jerÈ wd;audfmaCIdjka o ksid jQ ÿ¾j,;dh'

2' wdKavql%u jHjia:d - wdmiq ne,Sula

2'1    Y%S ,xld wdKavql%u jHjia:dj - 1972  ^The Constitution of Sri Lanka - 1972&

Y%S ,xld ckrcfha 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj zzckrcZZ wdKavql%u jHjia:djla yd zzkdñl ckdêm;sZZ wdKavql%u jHjia:djla jYfhka o" zzúOdhl md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%u jHjia:djla jYfhka o ye¢kafõ'  fuu jHjia:dfõ m<uq mßpfþofhka rcfha iajNdjh ú.%y flf¾'  ta wkqj Y%S ,xldj"

^i&  ksoyia" iajdêm;Hh yd iajdëk ckrchls; ^ii&   talSh rdcHhls; ^iii&   zzrdcH iajdêm;Hh ck;dj i;=h;  ^iv&   ck;d iajdêm;Hh" cd;sl rdcHh iNdj úiska fufyhjhs"  ^v&   cd;sl rdcHh iNdj zzrdcHh n,h l%shd;aul lrk m%Odk hdka;%Khhs'  cd;sl rdcHh iNdj my; i|yka mßÈ rdcHh n,h fufyhjhs'                 i'        ck;djf.a jHjia:dodhl n,h;                                                         ii'       ck;djf.a úOdhl n,h ckdêm;s yd wud;H uKav,h uÕska;                   iii'      wêlrKh ms<sn| ck;d n,h" kS;sfhka ia:dms; wêlrK moaO;sh u.ska"

fuu ;;a;ajh 1978" Y%%S ,xld m%cd;ka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrc jHjia:dfõ m<uq mßÉfþofha j.ka;s j,ska fjkia jkafka iq¿ jYfhks'  ta m%dfhda.sl ;;a;ajfhka fkdj jpk yd jdlHh u.ska WÉpdrKh lr ;snQ wdldrh wkqjhs'  tfia jqjo m%dfhda.sl l%shdldß;ajh iudkh'  1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka zzfjiañksiag¾ iïm%odhg wkqj [and according to the Article 27[1} of the 1972 Constitution, Prsident performed his duties with Prime Ministers advice only. This situation has created opportunity to predominate one man's show, as the Executive President of 1978 Constitution]. úOdhl n,fhka 80] lau w.%dud;Hjrhd f.a wNsu;h wkqj ckdêm;sjrKhd yryd l%shd;aul lrK ,§'  1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj úOdhl n,fhka 80] la muKla ckdêm;s jrhd úiska l%shd;aul lrk ,§'  úOdhl n,h l%shd;aul lsÍu iïnJOfhka zz;ks mqoa.,fhl=f.a ueÈy;aùuZZ fuu wdKavql%u jHjia:d foflkau wkq.ukh fldg ;sfí'  1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj" zzw.%dud;Hh OQrhgZZ m;aùug isá mCIkdhlhd" 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj zzckdêm;sjrKhdZZ njg m;afõ'  fuu ckdêm;s jrhd m;ajkafka uyck pkaofhks'  bÈka Tyq 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj zzw.%dud;HhZZ jrhd fufyhe jQ úOdhlh" ckdêm;s jYfhka fufyheùu ;=< iodpdrd;aul jrola ±lsh fkdyelsh'  tfiau 1972 jHjia:djg jvd 1978 jHia:dj ;=<" m%cd;ka;%jd§ rdcH n,h ia:djrj mj;ajdf.k hEfï Ôj n,h .eíj ;snQ nj meyeÈ,sj fmfkk lreKls'

          1972 jHjia:dfõ we;s ;j;a lreKla kï" VI jeks mßÉfþofha 18 j.ka;sfha wkqj.ka;s ^1& u.ska" zzksoyi yd uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ZZ ms<sn| kS;s m%;smdok imhd we;o" tu j.ka;sfha ^2& yd ^3& wkqj.ka;s u.ska ta ish¨ uQ,sl whs;sjdislï nqla;s ú£fï whs;sh mj;akd kS;sh iy fr.=,dis j,g iaÒrju hg;a fldg we;'  fuh rchl zzhymd,khZZ f.k hEug rchlg ,nd§ we;s úfYaI n,hls'  1978 wdKavql%u jHia:dj u.ska  zzid;ka yd Tyqf.a hCI msßjr úiska md¾,sfïka;=jg wdfõYùu yd wúpdrùuZZ ms<sn| we;s zzhCI ìhZZ ;=rka lrK zz Ydka;sl¾uZZ hka;%Kh ckdêm;sjrhd i;=úh'  

--Y%S ,xld ckrcfha ckdêm;sjrhdf.a n,;, yd l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn|j 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ VII jk mßÉfþofha 19 jeks j.ka;sfha isg 28 fjks j.ka;sh olajd ú.%y fldg ;sfí'  tys i|yka mßÈ ^19& Y%S ,xld ckrcfha ckdêm;sjrfhla jkafka h'  Tyq zzrdcHh kdhlhdo jkafka h;  ^20& ckdêm;s jrhd úOdhlfha m%Odkshd h" tfiau ckdêm;s jrhd" zzikakoaO yuqodj, fiakdêkdhljrhd o fõ;  tfiau 21 jeks j.ka;shg wkqj zzckdêm;sjrhdgZZ ish¨ úOdhl n,;, mejÍ ;snqks'  1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ ^33& jeks j.ka;shg wkqj zzúOdhl ckdêm;sjrhdgZZ ysñj ;snQ ish, úOdhl n,;," 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka zzm;al< ckdêm;s jrhdg o ysñj ;snqKs'  we;af;kau Tyq ^ú,shï f.dm,a,j& zzkskaød.; ckdêm;sZZ ^Sleeping President& flfkl= fkdùh'  tfy;a Tyq fjiañksiag¾ iïm%odhg wkqj [though, he had to perform his duties according to the British Convention, including of Article 27[1] in to the Constitution, Prime Ministers influence dominated the exercise of  executive powers of the Republic]. w.%dud;H jrhdf.a yd wud;Hh uKav,fha Wmfoia mßÈ lghq;= flf<a h'  isßud nKavdrkdhl tl< w.%dud;Hh jßh úiska Tyq ckdêm;s OQrhg kï lsÍu ms<sn| ck;d ixúOdk úuis,su;a fkdùh'  ckdêm;s OQrhg m;al, hq; iqÿiqu mqoa.,hd zzú,shï f.dm,a,jZZ o ke;akï Bg jvd iqÿiq mqrjeishka Y%S ,xldfõ fkdisáfha o@ hk .eg¨j lsisfjla idlÉPd fkdflf<a h'  nKavdrkdhl ue;sKshf.a {d;sfhl= iajlSh úYajdih u; hïlsis wfhl= rdclSh;ajhg - tx.,ka; l%uhg - m%N+ mka;shg Wiia fldg ;enqfõ o hkak .ek ielhla ke;'  

    fndfyda hg;aúð; rgj,a ksoyi ,eîuka miqj" ish wdKavql%u ieliSfï §" ì%;dkHh wdKavql%ufha" zz/ðkZZ fj; rcfha m%Odkshdo" úOdhlfha m%Odkshd o" yuqodj, wd{dêm;s jYfhka o" talrdYs ù we;s n,;, ta whqßkau m;alrk ,o zzckdêm;sZZ fj; fyda uyck pkaofhka m;ajk ckdêm;s fj; fyda mejÍu iïm%odhla jYfhka lr ;sfí'  zz/ðkZZ fj; ish Wreuh wkqj" trg iïm%odhsl kS;shg wkqj" tlS n,;, ,eî ;snqko" ÈhqKqjk rgj, tlS n,;, zzw.ue;s úiska kï lrk ckdêm;sZZ jrfhl= fj; mejÍu widOdrKh'  tu ckdêm;s jrhdg úreoaOj kvq mejÍuo l< fkdyelsh'  ta wkqj kej; tu l%uhg wdmiq .uka lsÍu lsisfia;a wkqu; l< fkdyelsh'

      ;jo" 1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 21 jeks j.ka;sfha ^we& wkqj.ka;shg wkqj w.ue;sjrhdo" weu;sjre o" Wm weu;sjreo m;alsÍfï n,h ckdêm;s fj; mejÍ ;snqKs'  fuu wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ XIII jk mßÉfþoh y÷kajd we;af;a zzúOdhl wdKavqjZZ - zzckdêm;s iy wud;Hh uKav,hZZ hk YS¾I mdGh Tiafia h'  tys 91 jeks j.ka;shg wkqj ckdêm;sjrhd ish ld¾h yd n,;, l%shd;aul lsÍfï § md¾,sfïka;=jg j.lsj hq;= úh'  fuys 92 jeks j.ka;sfha ^2& jeks Wmj.ka;shg wkqj" wud;H uKav,fha m%Odkshd w.ue;s jkafka h'  tfiau" zzmd¾,sfïka;=fõ jeä úYajdihla we;s njg ckdêm;s jrhd úiska úYajdi lrk uka;%Sjrfhl= w.%dud;H OQrhg m;alsÍfï n,h ckdêm;sjrhd i;=úh'ZZ

       1972 jHjia:dfõ" 94 j.ka;sfha ^1& jeks Wm j.ka;shg wkqj" wud;HdxY .Kk ;SrKh lsÍu" wud;Hjre .Kk ;SrKh lsÍu" iy wud;Hh jrekag mejfrk úIhka ;SrKh lsÍfï n,h muKla zzw.ue;sjrhdZZ i;=úh'  tfiau 94 jeks j.ka;sfha ^2& jeks wkqj.ka;shg wkqj" uka;%Sjre w;ßka wud;H uKav,hg mqoa.,hka m;alsÍfï iïmQ¾K n,h zzckdêm;sjrhd i;=úh'  tfiau 95 jeks j.ka;sfha ^1& jeks wkqjHia:djg wkqj ckdêm;sjrhdg" uka;%Sjre w;ßka ksfhdacHh weu;sjre m;alsÍfï n,h o mejÍ ;snqKs'  bkaÈhdfõ ckdêm;sjrfhl= 1965 § kS;S{ ix.ufha foaYkhla foñka zz bkaÈhdfõ ckdêm;sjrhd ;jÿrg;a wud;H uxv,fha Wmfoia u;u lghq;= hq;= hq;=|ZZ@ hhs m%YaKhla ke.=fõ h'  fï ms<sn| ck;d ueÈy;a ùu u.ska" zzbkaÈhdfõ ckdêm;sjrhd iïm%odhg wkqj wud;H uxv, Wmfoia u; ;jÿrg;a lghq;= l< hq;= nj fY%aIaGdêlrKh ;SrKh lf<a h'  ú,shï f.dm,a,j ue;s;=udg o fujeksu u;hla m%ldY lsÍug fndfyda ÿrg bv ;snqKs'  ;j;a w¾nqoldÍ ;;a;ajhla kï" 1972 jHjia:dfõ 100 jeks j.ka;shhs' fï j.ka;sfha ^1& wkqj.ka;sh wkqj" rcfha m%;sm;a;s m%ldYhla m%:u ieisjdrfha § md¾,sfïka;=j bÈßfha ksIam%Nd jqjfyd;a" meh 48 la we;=, md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yeÍug w.ue;sjrhd úiska zzckdêm;sZZ jrhdg Wmfoia Èh hq;af;a h'  fuu w.ue;sjrhdf.a Wmfoia wkqj ckdêm;s úiska md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yeÍu m%;sfCIam l<fyd;a" w.ue;s jrhd ish OQrfhka b,a,d wiajQ nj kS;sfhka ia:djr fõ'  tfiau 96 jeks j.ka;shg wkqj weu;sjreka yd ksfhdacHh weu;s jreka bj;a lsÍfï n,h o ckdêm;s jrhd i;=úh'  fï wkqj 1972" wm ia:dms; lr ;snqfka zzckdêm;s - md¾,sfïka;=ZZ wdKavq l%uhls'  

     ;jo" 1977 uyd ue;sjrKfhka tlai;a cd;sl mCIhg wdKavqjla msysgqùug uka;%Sjre fofofkl=f.a wvqjla ;snqfka hhs Wml,amkh lruq'  ;j;a mCIhl iyfhda.fhka wdKavqjla msysgqùug tlai;a cd;sl mCIhg ;snQ wjia:dj" ckdêm;sjrhdf.a" hïlsis l%shdjla ksid wysñ ùug" tjeks ;;a;ajhla we;sjQfha kï" fndfyda bvlv ;snqKs'  wm fï mrK zzúOdhl md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uhZZ foig kej;;a hdhq;= o@  tfia kï zzckdêm;sZZ jrhd f;dard .kakd l%uh l=ulao@  hkak ms<sn|j l,a ;shd is;d ne,sh hq;=j ;sfí'

2'2    Y%S ,xld m%cd;ka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj

iu.dój" 1972" jHjia:dfjka ,o ±kSu wkqj" 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ I jk mßÉfþofhka" Y%S ,xldj ksoyia" iajhsÍ" iajdëk" m%cd;ka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrchla nj;a" Y%S ,xldj talSh rchla nj;a" Y%S ,xld ckrcfha mrudêm;Hh ck;dj flfrys msysgd we;s nj;a" ck;d mrudêm;Hhg" md,k n,;," uQ,sl whs;sjdislï" iy pkao n,ho wh;a jk nj;a" fuu mrudêm;Hh n,;, my; i|yka mßÈ l%shd;aul úhhq;= nj;a" 1 jeks" 2 jeks" 3 jeks yd 4 jeks jHjia:d u.ska n,.kajd ;sfí'  4 jeks jHjia:dj u.ska" ck;d mrudêm;Hh l%shd;aul úh hq;= wdldrh ú.%y lr we;'  tkï"

1' jHjia:dodhl n,h( ^w& Wmj.ka;sh wkqj ck;djf.a jHjia:dodhl n,h" md¾,sfïka;=j úiska yd cku; úpdrKhl § ck;dj úiska o l%shd;aul l< hq;=h'

2'   úOdhl n,h(  ck;djf.a úOdhl n,h ^wd& Wm jHjia:dj wkqj" - rfÜ wdrCIdj we;=¿ ck;djf.a úOdhl n,h ckdêm;sjrhd úiska l%shd;aul l<hq;= fõ'

3'   wêlrK n,h(  ^wE& Wm jHjia:djg wkqj ck;djf.a wêlrK n,h" md¾,sfïka;=j úiska" kS;sfhka ia:dms; fldg we;s wêlrK moaO;sh u.ska l%shd;aul l, hq;= nj i|yka fõ' 

fï ;;a;ajhg" jdlH LKav yd woyia m%ldY u.ska ixlS¾Kj we;o" m%dfhda.sl jYfhka yd n, l%shd;aul ;;a;ajfhka ks,kdu ms<sn| fjkia jqjo 1972 jHjia:dfõ 1 jeks mßÉfþohg fndfyda ÿrg wkq.dó fú'

1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj iïu; ùu;a iuÕ rgmqrd udOHh Tiafia úúO u; m%pdrh jQ w;r" fuh b;d Nhdkl n,;, talrdYS lsÍula nj m%ldY úh'  jdudxYsl n,h ìhg m;aj isá w;r" Tjqka zzckdêm;s OQrfhaZZ n,h úfõpkh lf<a ckdêm;s OQrfhys Èjqreï ÿka fÊ'wd¾' chj¾Ok uy;df.a fm!oa.,sl;ajh yd Tyqf.a foaYmd,k o¾YKh foi n,df.kh'  Y%S ,xldfõ ckdêm;sjrhd fjiañksiag¾ iïm%odhg wkqj zzwud;H uxv,fhaZZ Wmfoia wkqj lghq;= l< hq;= hhs lsisfjl=;a Y%S ,xldj ;=< y~la keÕ=fõ ke;'  m%dfhda.sl jYfhka" fÊ'wd¾' chj¾Ok ckdêm;s úiska ish n,;, l%shd;aul lsÍfï § 60] l m%udKhla úOdhlfha zzwud;H uKav,hZZ iy úOdhlfha zzrdcH ks,OdÍ n, wêldßhZZ úiska imhkq ,nk Wmfoia wkqj l%shd;aul l< nj;a" 40] l m%udKhla zzckdêm;sZZ jYfhka ish wNsu;h mßÈ o l%shd l< nj fkdryils'  Bg miqj n,hg m;a jQ ish¨u zzckdêm;sZZ jreo tu iïm%odhu wkq.ukh l< nj b;d meyeÈ,sh'  jßkajr wm wdKavql%u jHjia:dj 1978 ka miqj tla l< ixfYdaOk u.ska" úfYaIfhka 17 jeks ixfYdaOkh yd 19 jeks ixfYdaOkh u.ska jvd m%cd;ka;%jd§j ckdêm;sjrhdf.a n,;, úuOHh .; lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu o w.h l< hq;=hs'  

1972 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka mkjd ;snQ wdldrhg fyda hï úIhka ms<sn|j ;j;a uola bÈßhg hñka" 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ II jk mßÉfþofhka nqoaOd.u ms<sn|j o" III jk mßÉfþofhka uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn|j o" IV jeks mßÉfþofhka zzNdIdjZZ ms<sn| ^isxy," fou< yd bx.%Sis& whs;sjdislï l%shd;aul ùu iïnJOfhka o" V jk mßÉfþofhka zzY%S ,xldfõ mqrjeis Ndjh .eko" VI jk mßÉfþofhka zzrdcHh m%;sm;a;s fufyheùfï uQ,Ou_ yd uQ,sl hq;=lï iïnJOfhka o" iEySulg m;aúh yels ;;a;ajhl jHjia:d kS;s iïmdokh ù ;sfí'

fuu wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ ^1978& we;s úfYaI;ajhla kï zzúOdhlhZZ hkak wvú 3 lska tkï"

i'  úOdhlh  -  ckrcfha ckdêm;sjrhd" ^vii jk mßÉfþoh&; ii'          úOdhlh  -  wud;H uKav,h" 
^viii jk mßÉfþoh& yd" iii' úOdhlh  -  rdcHh fiajh ^ix jk mßÉfþoh& fjkalr fmkajd ;sîuh'  

fï wkqj rfgys úOdhlfha ld¾hCIu ;djh foaYmd,k wêldßh u; fkdj" iuia: úOdhlfha wvú 3 w;r mj;sk ixysÈhdj yd ne£u u;u /£ mj;s'  úOdhlfha zzrdcH fiajhZZ ÿ¾j, jqjfyd;a thg rgl bÈß.ukg uy;a ndodjla jkq we;'  ckdêm;sjrhdf.a n,;, zzckdêm;sZZ úiskau l%shd;aul l< w;r" miqj lrk ,o wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOk u.ska" ckdêm;sjrhdf.a n,;, úuOHh.; fldg ;sfí'  tfia jqjo ckdêm;sjrhd ^43 jHjia:dj" ^2& jeks wkqjHjia:dj& wud;H uKav,fha idudðlfhla o" wud;H uKav,fha m%Odkshd o fõ'  w.%dud;Hjrhd m;alsÍu ckdêm;sjrhd i;= n,hla jqjo" weu;sjre" ksfhdacHh weu;sjre yd wfkl=;a weu;sjre m;alsÍfï § w.%dud;Hh jrhdf.a Wmfoia wkqj lghq;= lsÍu 19 jeks ixfYdaOkfhka mek jq kj m%j¾Okhls'  fuu wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ ^1978& 55 jeks jHjia:dfõ ^3& jeks yd ^4& jeks wkqjHjia:d u.ska rdcHh fiajfha fomd¾;fïka;= m%OdkSka m;alsÍu we;=¿ lreKq iïnJOfhkao" ish¨ m%;sm;a;suh ldrKd i|yd úê úOdk ie,iSfï §" zzwud;H uKav,hZZ i;= n,ho meyeÈ,sj olajd we;'

fuu wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ ^1978& XVII jk mßÉfþofhka zzuQ,HhZZ ms<sn| tkï zzrdcHh uQ,HhZZ ms<sn| md,kh md¾,sfïka;=j i;=jk nj m%ldYs;h'  tfy;a Y%S ,xld uynexl=j fyda rdcHh nexl= yd ish¨ jdKsc nexl= iïnJO md¾,sfïka;= n,hla wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka mkjd ke;snj fmfka'  

1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 13 jeks ixfYdaOkh u.ska tl;=lrk ,o VII zwZ mßÉfþohg wkqj m<d;a iNd u.ska mßmd,k n,h úuOHh .;fldg ;sfí'  fuu mßÉfþofha 154 W ^1& j.ka;shg wkqj zzm<d;a iNd ,ehsia;=jZZ hkqfjka y÷kajk" tys kjjk Wmf,aLkfha 1 jk ,ehsia;=fõ ^m<d;a iNd úIh ,ehsia;=fõ& mßÈ n,h l%shd;aul lsÍug m<d;a iNdj,g n,h we;af;ah'  fuu m<d;a iNd úIh ,ehsia;=fõ m<d;a iNdjj,g we;s úIhka" kjjk Wmf,aLkfha III jk ,ehsia;=fõ tkï zziu.dóZZ ,ehsia;=fõ úIhka w;r o" kS;sfhka wvx.= fldg mkjd ;sfí'  tfia i|yka fldg we;s uOHu rcfha md¾,sfïka;=jg kS;s iïmdokh lsÍu i|yd wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ zz154 WZZ jHjia:dfõ ^5& ^w& j.ka;shg yd ^10& Wm jHjia:dj wkqj" n,h ,eî we;s III jk ,ehsia;=j fyj;a zziu.dóZZ ,ehsia;=fõ wod, úIhka my; i|yka lrñ'  ^tys i|yka wxl ms<sfj,g&(

1' ie,iqï lsÍu (   1'1 isg 1'9 olajd we;s úê úOdk ( m<d;ano uÜgfï o ie,iqï l%shd;aul lsÍfï l%u we;s lsÍu yd we.hSu'  m%.;s md,kh" rdcHh $ fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack jev igykaj, m%.;sh úuiSu" wd§ lreKq'

5'  cd;sl ksjdi iy bÈlsßï(

8' lDIslu_h yd f.dúck fiajd(   8'1 isg 8'3 olajd j.ka;s uÕska lDIslu_h" lDIslu_ l¾udka;h" mdxY= ixrCIKh" YdL m,sfndaOl" wd§ foa ±lafõ' 

17'  jdßud._(   17'1 c,h /ialsÍu yd c,dmjykh" c, iïm;a ie,iqï lsÍu'  

 17'2 .%dóh ixj¾Okh" fi!LH wOHdmkh" wka;¾ m<d;a jdßud._ yd   bvï ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%u'

19'     ish¨ ëjr lghq;=(

20      i;aj md,kh(  iïnJO ish¨ lghq;='

21'     fiajd kshqla;sh(  m<d;an|j fiajd kshqla;sh yd /lshd we;s lsÍfï jHdmD;s'

22'     ixpdrl jHdmdr(  ixj¾Okh yd md,kh ms<sn| n,h"

32'     m<d;a we;=<; úÿ,sh(  úÿ,sh iemhSu yd jHdma; lsÍu'

33'     mßirh wdrCId lsßu(

          fuu by; úia;rhg wkqj m<d;a o we;=¿j Y%S ,xldj ;=< ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s fufyheùug wod, kS;s iemhSfï n,h uOHu rchgo" md¾,sfïka;=jg o we;snj ikd: fõ'  ;jo" zz154 WZZ jHjia:dfõ zzkjjk Wmf,aLkfhaZZ 1 jk ,ehsia;=jg wh;a m<d;a iNd j,g wh;a úIhla fjkia lsÍu iïnJOfhka" fyda tu úIh iïnJO mk;a flgqïm;a zz154 WZZ jHjia:dfõ ^2& iy ^3& j.ka;s j,g wkqj ;=fkka foll nyq;rhlska iïu; lsÍfï n,h md¾,sfïka;=j i;= jkafka h'  

     1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska" zzrcfha bvï mßyrKhZZ iïnJOfhkao" zz154 WZZ jHjia:dfõ i|yka zz1 jk ,ehsia;=jZZ ^m<d;aiNd úIh ,ehsia;=fjys& wxl( 18 jk úIh hgf;a zzbvï" tkï ^II& jk mßYsIaGfhys olajd we;s m%udKhg" bvï flfrys fyda bvï úIfhys we;s whs;sjdislï" bvï N=la;sh" bvï úlsKSu yd wkai;= lsÍu" bvï mßyrKh" bvï j, mÈxÑ lrùu" iy bvï jeäÈhqKq lsÍuZZ hk ffk;sl n,h m<d;a iNdj,g wh;ajk w;r" m<d;a iNd úiska n,h l%shd;aul lrñka isáhs'  

--- fuu jHjia:dfõ ^1978& XX jeks mßÉfþofha mkjd we;s úêúOdk ^157 w jHjia:djg wkqj& u.ska fjku rdcHhla msysgqùug wkqn,fok fyda lghq;= lrk ´kEu mqoa.,fhl=g fyda ´kEu wdh;khlg fyda ix.uhlg tfrysj wêlrKh fj; hEfï n,h rchg fukau" ish¨u mqrjeishkag o" mqrjeis $ m%cd ixúOdk j,g o we;af;a h'

     fujka miqìul isg wm zzkj wdKavql%u jHjia:djlaZZ fj; wjodkh fhduq lrkafka l=uk wvqmdvqjla" fyda hqla;shla fyda n,hla i|yd o hkak wm úiskau mQ¾j weia;fïka;=jla l< hq;= w;r" tu wjYH;d weia;fïka;=j flf¾ nqoaêu;=ka" ixúOdk" ksfhdað;hka fukau md¾,sfïka;=fõ ;=fkka foll uka;%S ixLHdjl f.a meye§ula we;s±hs hkak ms<sn| iaÒrju weia;fïka;=jla o ilia lr .; hq;=jkafka h'  tfia fkdjkafka kï" wm .kakd W;aiyhka u.ska wfmau foaYmd,k miqneiSulg wm úiskau mdr lmd .kakd njg wm ish¨ foaYmd,{hka úiska l,amkdjg .; hq;af;a h'

                                               

úixjdoh(

ue.shd (         we;a;o zzuyrd,ZZ" tod 1987 m<d;a iNd tmd lsh,d rg fojk;a lrmq wEfhda ál" ±ka m,d;a iNdj, zzúIhZZ fjkia lrkjg úreoaOj uyd wlr;eínhla l<ehs lshkafka@

uydrd,(         Tõ ue.sfhd"

 lkfldg lkfldg rfya                                               ±fkkjd 
 rfya ±fkk fldg f,daN                                                ysf;kjd 
 f,daN ysf;k fldg fifkfy                jefvkjd 
 fifkfy jefvk fldg uÕ             megf,kjd

                   zzTjqka Tlafldu ug úreoaO Wkdfk'ZZ

_____________________________________________________________________

Dialogue Between Ms. Maggiya and Mr. Maharala

Maggiya:  O oh; Maharale, isn’t it true, that leagues and gangs those who fired Lanka, demonstrated ‘harthal’, burned public properties, protested and made loud voice against to Provincial Council Bill in 1987, were in wrong stand against your draft bill of proposals for transferring powers to Central Parliament/Central Executive.

Maharala:    O ho; ye, Maggiyo;  Now we are in a season of turmoil.  All they opposed to my proposals;

                  Have you heard this poem?

                “Eat and Eat creates fond of tasty,

                Fond of tasty inspires with the eagerness,

                Eagerness intrigues with the affection,

                Affection misleads the direction of the right path”

Maggiya:  Is it correct?

Maharala: Can’t you see?, where were you?

Maggiya: Oh; Yeh.