ON LIBERTY/FREEDOM - SINGHALESE ARTICLE By Dr. D. Tennakoon

ON LIBERTY/FREEDOM
(this article was written in "Sinhala Language" when it coppied and pasted to Blog made a problem)
 

This article on “Liberty” is written in Singhala Language, and it attempts to review the arguments presented in John Stuart Mill’s book on “On Liberty”, published in 1859, in London.  John Stuart Mill was a famous political philosopher, and his writings has helped in policy formulations in 19^th and 20^th centuries.  His thesis has been reviewed by many political writers, and there are many arguments against his over exaggeration on individual freedom and limits of interference of society.  Most of his arguments seemed to be less practical in democratic societies.  He has failed to suggest limits of individuals’ stupid actions, and control over limits of the society over such actions.  In his first chapter on “Preface to Liberty”, he argues that his main focus is not on the freedom of self-will, which has been baselessly highlighted by the philosophers.  His focus was on the limits of the legal power of the society over the individual, that the limits and dimensions of the civil or societal freedom.  In most cases, his issues and arguments are inconsistent through his thesis.  In his second chapter on “Freedom of Thought and Freedom of Expression”, his main theme is to secure the freedom of thought and expression.  He has not discussed the repercussions of actions taken by owners of such thoughts, in order to make forceful influence on societies to follow such thoughts.   In his third chapter, he argues on the importance of the  “personal freedom”.   In his fourth chapter on “Limits of the societal power Control Over Upon the Individual”, he again come back to his main thesis of freedom of individual over the independent control/influence of the society.

Students'Protest

ksoyi ^On Liberty) idrdxYh zzksoyiZZ- mqoa., k soyi yd iudc k soyi ms< sn| ffk;sl miqìul isg n,k úg hïlsis ia:djr w¾:l;khla ,eì ;snqKo foaYmd,k od¾Yksl úu¾IK ;=< we;s ;¾lkhkay s yd úkh uQ, ks¾jpkhk ays úúO;ajh ksid fmdÿ ks¾jpkhlg meñKsu ÿIalrh¡ iagqjÜ ñ,a 1859 § zzksoyiZZ hkak isoaOdk a; foll a Tiafia úu¾Ykh lrhs ( ^1& mqoa.,fhl= isÿlrkq ,nk l%shdjl a Tyqf.a yer fjk;a whf.a hym;g fya; = fkdjk ksid tu l% shdj iïnkaOfhka mqoa.,hd iudchg j. fkd lsj hq;= nj ; tfy;a iudchg Tyqg wjjdo $ Wmfoia §ug fyda Tyq u`. yer isàug yelsh " ^2& wkHhkaf.a w.;shg $ ysßyerhg fya;=jk l% shdj; a iïnkaOfhka mqo a.,hd iudchg j.l sj hq; = w;r" Tyq iudchSh fyd a ffk;sl o`vqjulg hg;aùu idOdrKh¡ tla tla mqoa.,hdf.ka iudch iEÈ we;s w;r tjeks iudchl l %shdjla ;j; a iudchlg fyda ck fldÜGdihlg w.;s.dó jk úg w.;shg m; a iudchg l%shdj lrk iudch u; n,mEï we;s l< yelsh¡ jD;a;sh iñ; shl oeä úfrdaO;djl a fmdÿ ck;djf.a zzk soyiZZW,a,x>kh lrk úg rcfha ueÈy;aùu wjYH jqjo" tjeks rcfha ueÈy;a ùulska muKlau fujeks iudc w.;s.dó ld¾hhka je pdrldj wdrïN l< wjia:dfjys uekúka iïmdokh l< kejl a iy iqlaldkula iys;j tfy;a rej,la fkdue;sj w;rux ù isáfhah¡ZZ iagqjrsÜ ñ,a iudch" iudc wdpdr O¾u yd mqoa., ksoyi m s< sn| .egqï flfrys kj wld,am ms< sn|j ;¾l lrkakg jqfha Tyqf.au fm!oa.,sl w;aoel Sï ;=< sks¡ WkauQ,jd§ ^/äl,ajd§& wdl, am j,g wkqn, oel ajq ;reK jHdmdßlfhl=f.a ;reK ìß| ^yeßhÜ fÜ,¾& iu`. fudyq ;reK ld,fha§u iïnkaO;d meje;aj q w;r" ,kavka kd.ßl iudch fuh úfõpkh lrkakg úh¡ Wiia mx;sh úiska uOHu yd lïlre mx;s flf¾ uqÿ fudf,dla f,i yd idOdrK f,i" kj wdl, amhlska fkdne,Su ms< sn|j fudjqka fofokdu ks;r ,sms f,aLK m< lrkakg mgka .; af;ah¡ iagqjÜ ñ,af.a foaYmd,k iudc o¾YKh fjkiajkakg jqfha fï wdldrfhks¡ zzksoyiZZ ms< sn| ixl,amfha § zzudkj iudcfha ld,fhka ld,hg biau;= jk m%dfhda.sl jq wjdodkï ;;a;ajhk ag m%; sm; a;s wod, lr .ekSfï m %jK;djh flfrys foaYmd,ksl o¾Ykslhka fhduq úh h q;= nj 19 jeks Y;j¾Ifha § " by< iy uOHu mx;sfhka ìysjq W.; =ka w;r ixjdohg ,l aúh¡ reishdkq úma,jh;a iu`. hqfrdamh mqrd jHdma; jq zziudcjd§ ksIamdokh yd fnodyeÍfïZZ kHdhkaf.a wdNdIh foaYmd,k od¾Yksl úpdrlhka mqnqÿ lrkakg úh¡ Okh ksIamdokh lsÍfï m%;sm;a;s j,o" Okh$ ksIamdokh fnodyeÍu yd fnodyeÍu md,kh lrk m%;sm; a;sj,o we;s úYd, fjkialï iudc iykh yd zziudÔh ksoyiZ ms< sn| .eg¨ j,g uq,ajk nj hqfrdamh ;=kh fkdlrk nj ñ,a fmkajd fohs¡ zzksoyiZZ ms< sn| ñ,af.a Ñka;kfha îch jYfhka Tyq y÷kajkafka zzfuu ,smsfhys jIh jkafka o¾YkjdÈ iudch úisk a idjoH f,i kï lr we;s" tfy;a wjikdjka; f,iu thg m%;smlaI jk zzijÉPkaofhysZZ ksoyi fkdfõ¡ fuys jia;= úIh jkafk a mqoa.,hd u; iudch úiska k S;Hdk ql=, f,i l%shd; aul l< yels n,fhys tkï" isú, a yd iudchSh ksoyfiys iajdNdjh yd i SudjkahZZ" ^ iag qjrÜ ó,a" 1959" úu,fiakú;dk m;srKf.a isxy, mßj¾;kh msgq 37& fudyqf.a ;¾lfhys uq,sl yrh kï" tl, ì%;dkHfha mej;s" iudc wdpdrO¾u yd fmdÿ ms< s.ekSï yd iudc k S;s$ pdß;% u`.ska " iudch úisk a mqoa.,hd u; kS;Hdkql+,j l%shd;aul l< yels isú, a fyda iudc ksoyi ms< sn|j n,fhys iSudjka ;sìh hq;= njhs¡ we;a; jYfhkau iudc wd¾Ól mßKduh;a iu`. tlS iudc ixia:d.; ksoyi ms< sn| iudc n,fhys yels,Sula isÿjk nj fmfka¡ ñ,a mjik mßÈ mqoa.,hd u; iudch úiska l %shd;aul lrk k soyi ms< sn| n,h b;d wE; hq.j,§ mjd ñksia j¾.hd fn§ug fya;=j q iudc m%Yakhl s¡ úoHdudk foaYmd,k b; sydih ; =< hg;ajei shka fyda hg;a jeishkaf.k a ksfhdackh jq mx;shl a yd wdKavq w;r k srka;r wr., meje;sks¡ Y %Sl" frdau yd tx.,ka; b;sydi m%jD;a; sj,g wk qj b;du; a m%lg o¾Ykh ù we;af; a zzk soyi yd wêldrhZZw;r jq wr.,h nj ñ,a fmkajd fohs¡ fuu ld, ; =< ksoyi hk afka woyia lf< a foaYmd,k md,lhskaf.a fyda hg; aúð; wêldßka f.a mSvkfhka ksoyi aùuhs¡ fuhg iudk jq wêldß n,hka l%shd; aul jk iudchkay s zzfoaY fm%añkaf.a wruqK úh hq;af;a iudchu; md,lhka úiska k% shd; aul lsÍug ú¾hhlrK n,hg iSudjl a mekùuh s¡Z Tjqka úi ska zzksoyiZZ hkqfjka w¾:l;kh lrkq ,nkafka fuu i Sudjhs¡ZZ hkqfjka ñ,a m%ldY lr we;¡ ksoyi Èkd .ekSu i|yd ksi s m%;sfrdaOhla $ le/,a,la we; s lsÍu h qla; s iy.; nj;a" ke;akï md,ln,fhys jvd jeo.;a l% shdjk a i|yd md, s; ck;d n,uKav,hlska md,k wêldßh úiska wkque; sh .ekSfï l%fudamdhla ;sìh hq;= nj ñ,af.a woyihs¡ m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,kh ;=< jqjo" nyq;rhlf.a leue;a; u; n,h mejfrk md,k wêldß n,h we;s wdKav q úisk a ;ukaf.au i q¿;rhlf.a m%cd m Svkh we; s lsÍu flfrys n,mEï we;s l< yels nj Tyqf.au u;h úh¡ fujeks m%cd m Svk flfrys tla tla mqo a.,hd tlaùfuka iuk aú; jk iudchu m %cd mSvlhd jkúg" lDDr md,kh hkak foaYmd,k wêldßka úisk au i sÿlrk q ,nk ls%hdjl a fkdjkq we;¡ 9 6¡ iodpdrh" m%N+mka; sh yd rdcH m%; sm; a; s ñ,a ;¾l lrkafka zzm%N= mx;shla isák fld;ekl fyda fõjd tu rfgys iodpdrh ms< sn|j úYd, m%udKhla woyia WmÈkafka tu mx;sfhys Y+N isoaêh yd fY%aIaG; ajh ms< sn|j ye.Sug wk qrEmjk wdldrfhks¡ZZ fndfyda iudc fÄohkag " zzjrojd jgyd f.k we;s pdß;%jdß; % j, ;sfnk úÊcdldr n,meje;au fya;=jk afkao ñksiaj¾.hd úisk a Tjqfkdjka fj; mkjdf.k we;s mqoa., yeisÍu" iïnkaO iudcÍ;s j,g rel=,la jYfhkao" iudch Sh pdß;% jdß;% hkaf.a n,mEu iudc l%uh ;=Ügk we;súh yelsnj Tyqf.a ;¾lhg yi qù ke;¡ tfia j qjo " zzmqoa.,hdZZ iy iudch w;r ne÷Kq iïuq; shla wjYHh nj;a" iudcfhka Tyqg ,efnk wdrCIdj yd m%fhdackj,g ir,k f,i Tyqf.ka iudchgo Tyq hula ,ndÈh hq;=nj ms< s.ks¡ zziudch ; =< Ôj;aùu hkq h:d¾:hla ksidu" ty s Ôj;ajk iEu mqoa.,fhl=u" wfkl=;a mqo a.,hka flfrys mej;sh hq;= lsishï l%uhla wk q.ukh lsÍu wksjd¾h ù ;sfíZZ fufia iudch yd mqoa.,hd ;=< meje;au u; meje;sh hq;= nj Tyq ms< sf.k we;¡ fuu iïnkaO;djh ;=< " kS;uh jYfhka mekù we;s úêúOdk u`.ska flfrk md,khg wod, meje;au iy iudc kS; s yd iudc m%;sm;a; s u`.ska k sy`vj we;s lrf.k we;s fyda 13 we;s lr.; yels wjfndaOh u; whs; sjdi slï jYfhka ms< s.efkk foa ksoyi ;+Ügkh ; =kh lsÍula nj;a" m qoa.,hd yd iudc l%shdldrlï iïnkaOfhkao" fm!oa.,sl wjYH;d iïnkaO m qoa.,hd i;= ksoyi whs;sjdislï o fjkqfjka rcfha ueÈy;a ùu k sid mqoa., ksoyi lvùfï ;;a;ajhg m;a fkdúh hq;= nj iagqj¾aqg ’ ó,a ;rfha úYajdi lrhs¡ 




ksoyi ^On Liberty)

idrdxYh

zzksoyiZZ- mqoa., ksoyi yd iudc ksoyi ms<sn| ffk;sl miqìul isg  n,k úg hïlsis ia:djr w¾:l;khla ,eì ;snqKo foaYmd,k od¾Yksl úu¾IK ;=< we;s ;¾lkhkays yd úkh uQ, ks¾jpkhkays úúO;ajh ksid fmdÿ ks¾jpkhlg meñKsu ÿIalrh¡ iagqjÜ ñ,a 1859 § zzksoyiZZ hkak isoaOdka; folla Tiafia úu¾Ykh lrhs ( ^1& mqoa.,fhl= isÿlrkq ,nk l%shdjla Tyqf.a yer fjk;a whf.a hym;g fya;= fkdjk ksid tu l%shdj iïnkaOfhka mqoa.,hd iudchg j. fkd lsj hq;= nj ; tfy;a iudchg Tyqg wjjdo $ Wmfoia §ug fyda Tyq u`. yer isàug yelsh " ^2& wkHhkaf.a w.;shg $ ysßyerhg fya;=jk l%shdj;a iïnkaOfhka mqoa.,hd iudchg j.lsj hq;= w;r" Tyq iudchSh fyda ffk;sl o`vqjulg hg;aùu idOdrKh¡ tla tla mqoa.,hdf.ka iudch iEÈ we;s w;r tjeks iudchl l%shdjla ;j;a iudchlg fyda ck fldÜGdihlg w.;s.dó jk úg w.;shg m;a iudchg l%shdj lrk iudch u; n,mEï we;s l< yelsh¡ jD;a;sh iñ;shl oeä úfrdaO;djla fmdÿ ck;djf.a zzksoyiZZW,a,x>kh lrk úg rcfha ueÈy;aùu wjYH jqjo" tjeks rcfha ueÈy;a ùulska muKlau fujeks iudc w.;s.dó ld¾hhka je<elaúh yels o@ jvd;au fhda.H jkafka jvd m%n, l%shdldßlhka yd iudcfha fmdÿ ksoyi wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd ck;dj ixúOdkh lsÍu" ck;djf.a wjfndaOh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug yd iu.dój tjeks jerÈ iïnkaOfhka rdcHh md,k wêldßh iu`. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= l<yels ck;dlñgq ixúOdkh lsÍu i|yd iudcYs,s yd m%cd;ka;%jd§ l%shdud¾. i|yd jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsßu jeks l%shdud¾. flfrys wjodkh fhduq lsÍuhs¡

1¡ m%drïh

Freedom of Worship

  zzksoyiZZ hk jpkfhys w¾:h oelaúu ms<sn|j ieliq ksis újrK we;o" mqoa.,hd iy iudch w;r mj;akd wfkHkHh iïnkaO;djhg wkqremj mqoa.,hd i;= ksoyfiys iSud ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd ksis w¾:l;khla ke;¡ ta ta ixialD;Skag wkql+,j iudc ixia:d iy wdh;k úiska mqoa.,hka i;= ksoyi fm!oa.,sljo fmdÿfõo N=la;s ú§u msKsi Tjqka úiskau ilid .kakd ,o fmdÿ wdpdr O¾u iy kS;s moaO;shla ñksid úiska wkdÈu;a ld,hl isgu ilid fmdÿfõ ms<s.ekqk wkql+,;djhka u; mqoa.,sl ksoyi yd ta yd ne÷kq iudc j.lSu ms<sn| iaÓr úYajdihla f.dvk`.d .;af;ah¡ zzksoyiZZ hk jpkfhjys w¾: w;r mßKdñl iajNdjhla .kS¡ wkdÈu;a ld,hla ;siafia ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o úoHd yd Ydia;%Sh oekSï yd wd.ñl uQ,O¾uhkaf.a úldYkh yd úYajdih u; zzksoyiZZ hk jpkfhys w¾: ksrEmkh o mßKduhg ,laj we;¡ ñksid fN!;sl jYfhka muKla fkdj udkisl jYfhka o mßKduh fõ¡ fuu mßKdñl l%shdj,shg wkqj zzudkisl mßKdñl l%shdj,shZZ fya;=fjka iudc.; ixia:d wdpdr O¾u yd úYajdi o mßKduhg ,laj we;¡

2 mßKduh

 kùk wd¾Ól -ixialD;sl úm¾hdIsh l%shdoduh lrd ñksid .uka .;af;a 18 jeks ishji isg l%ñlj .uka.;a úoHd-YDia;%sh {dKhhs¡ fï wkqj ñksid zzld¾ñlZZ hq.hlg msúisKs¡ ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iu`. iïm%odhsl udjf;ka Tíng .uka.;a ñksid ish úoHd;aul {dKh j¾Okh lr .;a;d muKla fkdj ish Ydia;%Sh {dKho j¾Okh lr .;af;ah¡ merKS iudc ixia:d u; kúk Ñka;khg wkqj yev.eiqK ksoyia wdpdrO¾u yd iudc kS;s wdfrdamKh úh¡ ixialD;sl " wd¾Ól jYfhka muKla fkdj  foaYmd,ksl jYfhka o we;súh hq;= fjkiaùï iïnkaOfhka úúO u; uq, O¾u " l%fudamdhka ksrka;r wjOdrKhg ,lajdjd muKla fkdj ta ms<sn|j isÿúh hq;= m%;sixialrK  ks;r w;ayod ne,Sï j,g ,lajkakg úh¡ wm úiska w.h lrkq ,nk zzksoyia m%cd;%ka;%jd§ZZ iudchSh wjia:dj  fj; udkj ixialD;sh $ YsIagdpdrh mßKduh jqfha fï wdldrhgh¡

3  mqoa., ksoyi yd iudchSh j.lSu

mqoa., ksoyi ms<n|j we;s w¾:l;khka fukau ta ms<sn|j mqoa.,hd ;=< we;s úYajdih yd ne§u fukau Tyqf.a iodpdrd;aul .;s mej;=ï flfrys we;sjk iudc mdßißl fyda iajdNdj Od¾ñl .;s mej;=ï flfrys we;sjk iudc mdßißl fyda iajNdjOd¾ñl mßir moaO;Ska ;=<ska flfrk n,meï wkqj yev.eiqkq zzksoyiZZ ms<sn| mqoa., wdl,amh zziudchsh mdßißlZZ moaO;sfhka moaO;shg fjkia úh yelsh¡ fyd| ^Acceptable& yd krl ^Not Acceptable & ms<sn| mqoa.,hd i;= ú{dKh j¾Okh jkqfha by; i|yka l< ms<sfj,g nj úúO ixialD;skaf.ka ,efnk m%;spdr yd  w;aoelSï ms<sn| m%;spdrhka u`.ska wkdjrKhfõ¡ fM;sydisl miqìu u; úuik úg 19 jeks ishjfia isg f,dalfha isÿjq úoHd;aul yd YDia;%sh nqoaê m%fndaOh u;  merKs iudc ixia:d tkï jevjiï  iudc wd¾Ól uq,O¾u " jy,a fiajh " taldêm;s rdcH md,k ixia:d " iudc ksoyi " wd¾Ól ksoyi " foaYmd,ksl ksoyi " iudcjd§ wd¾Ól iudc mßjrKh ^ Transformation&  " lïlre n,h yd whs;sjdislï " foam, mßyrKh " wdodhï yd mßfNdackh iïnkaOfhka ne÷Kq iuwhs;sh yd iudkd;au;djh jeks ;;ald,sSk jeo.;alula we;s lreKq flfrys kj weilska ne,Sug ñksid wj;S¾K jqjd muKla fkdj ta ms<sn|j úu¾Ykh lsÍu " úfõpkh lsÍu yd uq,O¾u yd kHdhd;aul úYaf,aIK nyq,jkakg úh¡

Freedom of Belief

 by;ska oelajqk mßKdñl nqoaê m%fndaOh;a iu`.u jevlrk mx;sfha ^Labour Class& whs;sjdislï iïnkaO ck;d fm<.eiaùï we;sjkakg úh¡ fulS úm¾hdi fndfyda fia we;s jkakg jQfha wefußldkq uyoaùmfha iy hqfrdamd uyoùmfhah¡ ^ wdish uyoaùmfha reishdkq N=ñ m%foaYho w;=¨j& hqfrdamfha we;sjq uOHu mdka;slhkaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId  lsÍu iïnkaO ,snr,a jd§ foaYmd,k Ñka;kh;a " lïlre whs;sjdislï iq/lSfï jHdmdrh;a" w;r .egqï we;sjkakg úh¡ fï w;r hqfrdamfha we;sjq m<uqjk f,dal hqoaOh ^ 1914-1918& ksid hqfrdamd ck;dj wd¾Ól yd iudchSh jYfhka uy;a mSvkhg ,laúh¡ tfiau 1917 isÿjq reishdkq úma,jho hqfrdamd foaYmd,k wd¾Ól Ñka;kh fjkia ùu flfrys oeã mSvkhla we;s lf<ah¡ jegqk hqfrdamh h<sf.dv ke.Su ms<sn| kj m%;sixialrK wjOdkhg ,laúh¡  mqoa.,hd i;= ksoyi ^ Freedom / Liberty & ms<sn|j úYd, jYfhka újdohg ,lajq woyia m%ldY jqfha ì%;dkH cd;sl fcdaka iagqj¾Ü ñ,a úiska 1859 È rÑ; zzksoyiZZ ^ On Liberty& kï jq .%ka:h u`.sks¡ Tyq tu .%ka:h u`.ska  rgjeisfhl=$ mqoa.,fhl= i;= ksoyi ^iajdëk;ajh& ms<sn| u;h " úúO jq ;d¾lsl me;slv Tiafia  ú.%y lrkq ,nhs¡ zzksoyiZZ iïnkaOfhka mqoa.,hd úiska orKq ,nk wdl,am yd mqoa.,sl yeisÍu u; iudch úiska  iduqysl f,i m;=rjk wêldßfhys  iSudjka ks¾Kh lsÍu iy tajd ksrka;rj úu¾Ykh lsÍfï wjYH;djhla we;s nj Tyqf.a ;¾l ;=< ie`.ù we;s woyihs¡ fm!oa.,sl yd  iduqysl l%shdldÍ;ajfhys iSudjka wOHhkh lsÍu yd kshu lsÍu ms<sn| Tyq úiska lrK fhdackd ;=< .e,mSula fkdue;slu .eg¨jla jYfhka fmkSug ;sfí¡ fnfyda foaYmd,k úpdrlhka ñ,a ;=< ;snq fuu ÿ¾j,;djh úfõpkh fldg ;sfí¡foaYmd,k úoHdj ms<sn| wdpd¾Hjrfhl= jk lÍka ã¡ Is,aâia úiska fcdaka iagqjrâ ñ,af.a ;¾l j, mriamr úfrdaë;dj y÷kd f.k we;¡ iagqj¾Ü ñ,a lsishï ud¾.hl t,a,hla lrd .uka lrkq fjkqjg wruqKla fyda mrud¾:hlska f;drj úreoaO wruqKq yd m%mxp Tiafia .uka lr we;s nj úfõlfhka mji;s¡ ñ,a b;sydih  " o¾Ykjdoh " Ys%l yd ,;ska NdId  iy kS;sh wOHhkh lf<ah¡ Tyq ks;ru Wmfhda.s;d jd§ m%;sixialrK j¾Okh lsÍu flfrys fhduq jq w;r l%ufhka Tyq fnka;ï  jdÈfhla úh¡ miqj Tyq fjkia úh¡ Tyq WkauQ,jd§ ^radical& m%;sixialrK we;s lsÍfï jHdmdr j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd wkqn, ÿkafkah¡ úpdrlhka mjik mßÈ  iagqj¾Ü ñ,a iudch ;=< wfkla whf.a woyia j,g yd úfõpkj,g widudkHh f,i ,lajq njo " Tyqf.a o¾Ykjd§ fjkia ùï yd j¾Okhka fiau pß;h yd is;=ú,s úúOdlr n,mEï yd w;aoelSï u; fjkiafjñka j¾Okh ù we;s nj i;Hhls¡ Tyq úu¾YkYs,s nqoaêuf;l= jQfha Tyq /äl,ajd§ m%;sixialrK n,.ekaùfï jHdmdrhkays lemS fmkqk kshdulfhl= jq ksidh¡ mqoa., ksoyi ms<sn|j iudch úiska lrkq ,nk iSudjka flfrys Tyq úfYaIfhka i|yka lrkafka ta ksid úh hq;=h¡

 zzksoyi ^ Liberty & ms<sn|j úYaju; yd ms<s.ekSïj,g wkqj iajlSh ksoyi  zzyiqrejd .ekSu ms<sn|ZZ mqoa.,hdf.a iodpdrd;aul ufkdaNdjhka iajúYaf,aIKh iïmq¾Kj ;sìh hq;= w;r úfrdaOh mEug m%udKj;a whqßka j¾Okh ù ;sìh hq;=fõ¡ ñ,a úiska Tyq  udkisl b;sydifhys w¾nqohg uqyqK§fï§ Tyq fuh ms<sf.k we;¡ mshdf.ka ,enqKq wNdIfhka Tyq foaYmd,k od¾Ykslfhla jqjo Tyq zzfn;alïZZ jdÈfhl= ùfï §  yd fjk;a úreoaO u; w;r t,an .ekSfï § Tyq iodpdrd;aul ufkdaNdjhka úYaf,aIKhg yd tajdg úfrdaOh mEug ;rï iajhx j¾Okhla ,nd fkd;snq nj Tyq m%ldY lrhs¡ lÍka ã¡ Is,aâia i|yka lrk mßÈ iagqjÜñ,a zzTyqf.a §¾> pdrldj wdrïN l< wjia:dfjys uekúka  iïmdokh l< kejla iy iqlaldkula iys;j tfy;a rej,la fkdue;sj w;rux ù isáfhah¡ZZ

University Students are Protestion
against Private Medical Colleg

iagqjrÜ ñ,a  iudch" iudc wdpdr O¾u yd mqoa., ksoyi ms<sn| .egqï flfrys kj wld,am ms<sn|j ;¾l lrkakg jqfha Tyqf.au fm!oa.,sl w;aoelSï ;=<sks¡ WkauQ,jd§ ^/äl,ajd§& wdl,am j,g wkqn, oelajq ;reK jHdmdßlfhl=f.a ;reK ìß| ^yeßhÜ fÜ,¾& iu`. fudyq ;reK ld,fha§u iïnkaO;d meje;ajq w;r" ,kavka kd.ßl iudch fuh úfõpkh lrkakg úh¡ Wiia mx;sh úiska uOHu yd lïlre mx;s flf¾ uqÿ fudf,dla f,i yd idOdrK f,i" kj wdl,amhlska fkdne,Su ms<sn|j fudjqka fofokdu ks;r ,sms f,aLK m< lrkakg mgka .;af;ah¡ iagqjÜ ñ,af.a foaYmd,k iudc o¾YKh fjkiajkakg jqfha fï  wdldrfhks¡

 zzksoyiZZ ms<sn| ixl,amfha § zzudkj iudcfha ld,fhka ld,hg biau;= jk m%dfhda.sl jq wjdodkï ;;a;ajhkag  m%;sm;a;s  wod, lr .ekSfï m%jK;djh flfrys foaYmd,ksl o¾Ykslhka fhduq úh hq;= nj 19 jeks Y;j¾Ifha § " by<  iy uOHu mx;sfhka ìysjq W.;=ka w;r ixjdohg ,laúh¡ reishdkq úma,jh;a iu`. hqfrdamh mqrd jHdma; jq zziudcjd§ ksIamdokh yd fnodyeÍfïZZ kHdhkaf.a wdNdIh foaYmd,k od¾Yksl úpdrlhka mqnqÿ lrkakg úh¡ Okh ksIamdokh lsÍfï m%;sm;a;s j,o" Okh$ ksIamdokh fnodyeÍu yd fnodyeÍu md,kh lrk m%;sm;a;sj,o we;s úYd, fjkialï iudc iykh yd zziudÔh ksoyiZ ms<sn| .eg¨ j,g uq,ajk nj hqfrdamh ;=<o oeäf,i úfõpkh jkakg úh¡ foaYmd,k wd¾Ól úoHdlreKq ms<sn|j úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq l< iagqj¾Ü ñ,a 1861 § m%ldYhg m;a l< .%ka:fhka ksfhdað; wdKavql%u yd m%cd;ka;%jdoh w.h l<o" miqj tu md,k l%uj, úYaIaG m%;sm;a;s m%;slafIam lrkakg úh¡ ñ,a úiska 1869 § ldka;djkaf.a mrdêk;ajh ms<sn|jo újrKh lf<ah¡ ^ The Subjection of Women, 1869& ;jo Tyq  wd.u ms<sn| rpkd    ^wd.ñl iajNdjh " wd.ñl Wmfhda.sS;djh iy ks¾udKjdoh& iy iudcjdoh ms<sn| ish iajdêk úu¾IK wdY%s;jo  o Tyqf.a foaYmd,ksl o¾Ykjdofha wjidk keUqrej ms<sìUq lrkafkah¡ fï ld,fha§u iagqj¾Ü ñ,a zzmd¾,sfïka;= m%;sixialrKhZZ ms<sn|j ^ Thoughts on paliamentraty Reforms ,1859 & .%ka:h m%ldYkh m%isoaO lf<ah¡ ì%;dkHfha mqyqKq lïlrejkag Pkao whs;sh ysñlsÍu i|yd jq fhdackdjkag fudyq úreoaO úh¡ iq¿;rhlg jdisjk ryia Pkaohg yd Wiia wOHdmkh ,o W.;=kag nyq Pkao whs;sh ms<sn| fhdackdj o fudyq úfõpkh lf<ah¡ zzksoyi ^ Liberty  & ZZ ms<sn| iagqjÜñ,a olajk yrh wjq,a iy.;h¡ úYd, od¾Yksl mrdihka ;=< úúO ;¾l yd úúO kHdhka iuqyhlau úu¾Ykhg ,la l< o" wjidk jYfhka zzksoyiZZ hkak 19 jeks Y;j¾Ifha§ hqfrdamh mqrd me;sÍ.sh" wd¾Ól iudc w¾nqo yd .e,fmk mßÈ Wmfhda.s;d ;¾l iuQyhla u; mgjd ks.ukh lsÍfï whs;sh iudc yd foaYmd,k mßjrKh fj;u ;nk ,§¡

4¡ wdpdr O¾u yd ne¢ úIu;djh

     uydpd¾h lÍka ã¡ Is,aâia  lshk mßÈ iagqj¾Ü ñ,a zzmqoa.,fhl= u; iudch úiska iduqysl f,i m;=rejk wêldßfhys iSudj l=ula úh hq;= o@ZZ hkak ks;r yqjd olajd we;¡ mqoa., ksoyi yd ne÷Kq  fm!oa.,sl ld¾hhkays§  iudÔhSh iduqysl u; jdohka úiska we;s flfrk n,mEu yd p¾hd iïnkaO ueÈy;aùï j, iSudjka iudch úiskao rch yd rcfha md,k n, wêldÍka úiska o ksYaph lr.; hq;= nj Tyq fmkajd fohs¡ iudc Wmfhda.s;djhg wkql+,j wdpdrO¾u iy iudc iïnkaO;d w;r .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lr .ekSu wjYH idOlhls¡ iudch yd ta ;=< wkHhkag ydkslr jk úg ta i|yd wdrCIK m%;sm;a;s ieliSu muKla idOdrK njo Tyq ms<s.kshs¡  zzmqoa., ksoyiZZ iudchSh jYfhka fyda wkHhka úiska iïm%odhsl rduqjla ;=< isg flf<iSu iagqj¾ ñ,a fy,d olshs¡ iïuq;s .; fkdjq u;hka wdêldrhka u`.ska zzÑka;kfhys yd u;jdofhys ksoyiZZ lsis úgl;a uev meje;aúh hq;= fkdjk nj iagqjrÜ ñ,af.a uq,slu ;¾lhhs¡

Freedom of Social Gathering

ñ,af.a o¾Ykfhys úfYaI;ajhla kï" zzfm!oa.,sl;ajhZZ ms<sn|j flfrk ú.%yhhs¡ zzfm!oa.,sl;ajhZZ tkï mqoa., ksoyi yd neÿk ish¨ mrdñ;slhka" udkj iuDoaêfhys uQf,da;amdok idOlhla fia ú.%y flf¾¡ mqoa.,fhl= úiska flfrk l%shdjla yd u;jdohla w;r fjkila ;sfí¡ l%shdfjys ksoyila we;¡ tfy;a mqoa.,sl l%shdjla wkHhkag o n,meje;aúh yelsh¡ u;jdohka ms<sn|jo tfiauh¡ tfia  jqjo iajlSh l%shdjka ms<sn| iuú{dKhg wkqj ;SrK .ekSug mqoa.,hka fm<Uúh hq;=h¡  ish¨ mqoa.,hka ish fm!reI;ajh j¾Okh lr .ekSu i|yd  iodpdr yd tys uQ,O¾u wod, lr .ekSu iïnkaOfhka mqoa.,hka W.; hq;=h¡ zzfm!reI;aj ixj¾OkhZZ  yd zzksoyiZZ hk  f;audj Tyq úksúo  olS¡ fm!oa.,sl  l%shdjkays ksoyi ms<sn|  wkqn,§fï iudc j.lSu fukau md,k wêldrfha j.lSu Tyq wjodrKh lrhs¡ Tyq fm!oa.,sl ksoyfiys tkï fm!oa.,sl;ajfhys iudc jákdlu w.h lrk w;r" mqoa., ksoyi u; megfjk wêldßn,h iSudúh hq;= njg ;¾l lrhs¡ hïlsis m%udKhl ueÈy;aula wjYH nj lshk w;r m%udKh yd iSudj blaujd ueÈy;aùu wka;rdodhlh hkak oeäfia úYajdi lrhs¡

     mqoa., ksoyi yd iudÔh ne§u" tfia ke;akï"  iudÔh iduqysl u; " úYajdi yd ks¾Kdhlhka Wmfhda.S;djd§ oDIaáfldaKhlska ú.%y lsÍu yd Tyqf.a ;¾l úma,úh iajrEmhla .ekSuo úfYaI ,laIKhls¡ Tyq ;¾l lrkafka tlu yrhl isg nj fmfka¡ iudch ;=< ksrka;rj we;sjk Ñka;khka yd u;jdo yd o¾Ykhka ;=<g m%;sm;a;s wdfoaYúh hq;=h¡ wdKavqjla nyq;r ck;djl md,khlg hg;aj isák nj;a" iudc u;jdo yd o¾Yk uev meje;aùug wdKavqjlg fkdyels njg ;¾l lrhs¡ Tyq zzmqoa., ksoyiZZ yd ne÷Kq úYd, m%udKhl iudÔhSh jdis we;s nj;a" iudchSh iduQysl ueÈy;a ùï ;=<ska biau;=jk mqoa.,hd fj; mejfrk iudchSh wjdiska ms<sn|j ú.%y lrhs¡ Ñka;k fyda u;jdo ksrCIKh lsÍfï § fyda we.hSfï§ ms<s.; hq;= kHhka 3 la ñ,a biau;= lrhs # tkï"

^1&  iudc iïuq;s.; fkdjq Ñka;k $ u;jdo i;H ùug bvwe;s nj" iy tu Ñka;k $u;jdo  hgm;a lsÍfuka i;Hh fkdfmkS hkakg ms<sjk"

^2&  ifya;=l wjfndaOh yd úplaIK u`.ska ia:dms; fkdjq úYajdi yd p¾hd O¾u " udkj j¾Okhg u. fmkaùug ;rï fkdjk nj"  iy u;hla fyda Ñka;khla wi;Hh jk úg tys fodaIhka neyer lsÍfuka i;H biau;= fõ" iyei

^3& ´kEu u;hl  fyda Ñka;khl i;Hh hï m%udhla o" wi;Hh hï m%udKhlao wvx.= jk ksid iudc iïuq;s .; fkdjq u;hla jqjo iudch m%.;shg fya;= fõ¡ u;hla $ Ñka;khla iïmq¾Kfhkau i;H jkafkao ke; " iïmq¾Kfhkau wi;H jkafka o ke;¡  tfia jqjo" fm!oa.,sl;ajh yd ksoyi j¾Okh lsÍu;a idfmalaI jYfhka wjYH;djhkag wkql+,j iduqysl ueÈy;aùfï w.hka Tyq uekúka olS¡ mqoa.,fhl= úiska  bgq l< hq;=  hq;=lï fuka mqoa.,fhl= i;= whs;sjdislï o we;snj Tyq olshs¡ Tyq úiska ;ukag fukau iudcfha wkHhkago bgql< hq;= hq;=lï ;sfí¡ ;udf.a ksoyi yd l%shdjkaf.ka wkHhkag ydks fkdjk mßÈ j. n,d .ekSu n,j;au hq;=luhs¡ ;SrKd;aul wjia:djl zzmqoa., ksoyiZZ iïnkaO úIh lafI;%hka Tíng hEug iudchg yelsh¡ mqoa., fyda mqoa., ixúOdk.; ixúOdk u`.ska flfrk l%shd fyda yeisÍula iïnkaOfhka iudchg wêlrK n,hla ;sfí¡ th zzksoyiZZ ms<sn| úIfhka fyda whs;sfhka neyerj zzkS;sh ms<sn| úIh lafI;%hgZZ m%úIag fõ¡ fï wkqj zzmqoa., ksoyiZZ yd zziudc wdrCIKhZZ yd zzkS;shZZ w;r oeä iïnkaO;djhla we;s nj wjOdrKh l< hq;=h¡  iudchg fukau md,k wêldrhgo" rgjeishd ;=< we;s ÿIapß; l%shdjkaf.ka yd iudc iodpdr úfrdaê l%shdjkaf.ka ksoyiaj Ôj;aùfï we;s zzksoyiZZ yd zzwhs;shZZ wdrCId l< hq;= ksidh¡ tfia jqjo fm!oa.,sl fm!reIj¾Okh yd mqoa., ksoyi m%j¾OkhlsÍfï hq;=lu rchla yd md,k wêldßh ;=< ;sìh hq;=h¡

5¡ rcfha ueÈy;aùu ms<sn| .eg¿j

     fm!oa.,sl ld¾hkag rdcH ueÈy;aùu flfrys ñ,a úfrdaO;d f.dkq lr we;¡ Tyq lshk mßÈ fuh zzksoyiZZ ms<sn| .eg¨jla fkdfõ¡ rcfha ueÈy;a ùu iïnkaOfhka úfrdaO;d 3 la f.dkqlrhs¡

^1& isÿ l< hq;=j we;s ld¾hhka rchla úiska lrkjdg jvd ld¾hCIuj isÿlsÍug mqoa.,hka yelsúh yel"

^2& isÿl< hq;= ld¾hhka jvd ld¾hCIuj lsÍug mqoa.,hka wfmdfydi;a jqjo" Tjqkaf.a Yla;sh yd yelshdjka yd udkisl wOHdmkh j¾Okh i|yd rel=,la jYfhka" tu ld¾hhka mqoa.,hka úiskau isÿl< hq;=h¡

^3& l< hq;=j we;s lghq;= by; ks¾foaYhkg mgyeksj " úYd, n,hla we;sj isák wdKavqfõ n,hg" wkjYH f,i tlaúh yels ùu¡  

 úspdrlhkag wkqj zz;ukaf.a mqrjeishka i|yd muKg jvd ld¾hhka bgqlr fok rchla iudc m%.;shg ydks muqKqjñka" fm!oa.,sl;ajfha ixj¾Okhg ndOd muqKqjk nj ñ,a úfõpkd;au;j bÈßm;a lr we;¡  

Protesters Attacking to a Passenger Bus

;reK jhfia§ Okm;s jHdmdßlfhl=f.a Nd¾hdjla jq yeßhÜ fÜ,¾ iu`. iagqj¾Ü ñ,a iïnkaO;djhla meje;ajq w;r" Okm;s iudch w;r th úfõpkhg ,laúh¡ miqj Tyq weh újdy lr .ks¡ iqpß;jdÈ iudc jHdmdr yd iudc ixúOdk fï iïnkaOfhka oelajq ueÈy;a ùu ñ,af.a o¾YkjdÈ wdl,amh ;=< ;Èka me,mÈhï úh¡ zzksoyiZZ ms<sn| fudyqf.a o¾Ykh fuu úfrdaO;d isoaêka úiska hd:dN+;  m%j¾Okhla we;sl< nj meyeÈ,sh¡ mqoa., ksoyi iïnkaO iudc ueÈy;aùu iDcqj widOrKnjo " iuyr wjia:dkq.; ;;a;ajh wkqj idOdrK úh hq;= njo Tyqf.a ;¾lhhs¡ fudyqf.a úYaf,aIKhkaf.a wjidk ks.uk flf¾ Tyqf.a w;aoelSï ;rfha n,md we;¡ Tyq ;¾l lrkafka zz^1& fjk;a ljfrl=f.a fyda Y+N isoaêhg wod, fkdjk kuq;a" iajlSh Y+N isoaêhg wod< lreKla iïnkaO mqoa., l%shd iïnkaOfhka tu mqoa.,hd iudchg j. fkdlsjhq;= nj" iy ^2&  iudcfha wkHhkag wjdisjk fyda ydksjk $ w.;shg fya;=jk fyda Tjqkaf.a zzksoyiZZ ms<sn|j we;s whs;Skag ydksjk l%shdjla  lsÍu iïnkaOfhka hïlsis mqoa.,fhl= iudchg j.lsj hq;= w;r iudc wdpdr O¾u fyda fmdÿ kS;shg wkqj o`vqjï o ,eìh hq;=h¡ZZ" hkqfjks¡

Y;j¾Ihlg fmr" ì%;dkHh yd hqfrdamd iudchSh w¾nqoj,g wkq.;j ñ,a bÈßm;a l< ;¾l j¾;udk iudchg o tf,iskau .e,fma¡ rchka úiska wd¾Ólh yd fj<\u yeisrùu iïnkaOfhkao" iudc wmrdO yd wh;d l%shd je<elaùu iïnkaOfhka o rchka úiska md,k wêldßh fj; n,h mejfr;s kS;s ^ Law & fndfyda foa Tyq w.h lrk w;r iuyr kS;s Wmydihg ,lalrhs¡ zzîu;a luZZ fyda w,ilu wkHhkag n,mdk fyda n,fkdmdk l%shdjla úh yelsh¡ tl< ì%;dkH rcfha me;sß.sh zzìu;aluZZ yd fínÿlu uoHdidr Ndú;hg ffO¾h §u ksid we;ajkakla nj;a " rch th uev meje;aúh hq;= nj;a" th iudc Wjÿrla nj;a" Tyq mejiqfõh¡ wdodhu jeälr .ekSu i|yd uoHidr  u; nÿ mekkùu Tyq wkqu; lrhs¡ tfy;a mßfNdackh wffO¾hu;a lsÍu wruqKq fldgf.k wêl nÿ mekùu  widOdrK iudc l%shdjla nj Tyq lshhs¡ rchla úiska zzksoyiZZ yd zzfmdÿ iudc ksoyiZZ ms<sn| m%;sm;a;s ieliSfï§ zzidOdrK;ajhZZ ms<sn| ks;sm%;sm;a;s fiau ksis wOHdmkhla orejkag §u i|yd fouõmshkag n,lrk kS;s o " ore mjq,la fmdaIKh lsÍug ;rï fkdjk ;;a;ajhl mqoa.,hkag újdy ùu ;ykï lsÍfï kS;so " mqoa.,sl ksoyi W,a,x>kh fkdlrk nj ñ,a fmkajd fohs¡

 zzksoyiZZ ms<sn| ñ,af.a Ñka;kfha îch jYfhka Tyq y÷kajkafka zzfuu ,smsfhys jIh jkafka o¾YkjdÈ iudch úiska idjoH f,i kï lr we;s" tfy;a  wjikdjka; f,iu thg m%;smlaI jk zzijÉPkaofhysZZ ksoyi fkdfõ¡  fuys jia;= úIh jkafka mqoa.,hd  u; iudch úiska kS;Hdkql=, f,i l%shd;aul l< yels n,fhys tkï" isú,a yd iudchSh ksoyfiys iajdNdjh yd iSudjkahZZ" ^ iagqjrÜ ó,a" 1959" úu,fiakú;dk m;srKf.a isxy, mßj¾;kh msgq 37& fudyqf.a ;¾lfhys uq,sl yrh kï" tl, ì%;dkHfha mej;s" iudc wdpdrO¾u yd fmdÿ ms<s.ekSï yd iudc kS;s$ pdß;% u`.ska " iudch úiska mqoa.,hd u; kS;Hdkql+,j l%shd;aul l< yels isú,a fyda iudc ksoyi ms<sn|j n,fhys iSudjka ;sìh hq;= njhs¡ we;a; jYfhkau iudc wd¾Ól mßKduh;a iu`. tlS  iudc ixia:d.; ksoyi ms<sn| iudc n,fhys  yels,Sula isÿjk  nj fmfka¡ ñ,a mjik mßÈ mqoa.,hd  u; iudch úiska l%shd;aul lrk ksoyi ms<sn| n,h b;d wE; hq.j,§ mjd ñksia j¾.hd fn§ug fya;=jq iudc m%Yakhls¡

úoHdudk foaYmd,k b;sydih ;=< hg;ajeishka fyda hg;a jeishkaf.ka ksfhdackh jq mx;shla yd wdKavq w;r ksrka;r wr., meje;sks¡ Y%Sl" frdau yd tx.,ka; b;sydi m%jD;a;sj,g wkqj  b;du;a m%lg o¾Ykh ù we;af;a zzksoyi yd wêldrhZZw;r jq wr.,h nj ñ,a fmkajd fohs¡ fuu ld, ;=< ksoyi hkafka woyia lf<a foaYmd,k md,lhskaf.a fyda hg;aúð; wêldßka f.a mSvkfhka ksoyiaùuhs¡  fuhg iudk jq wêldß n,hka l%shd;aul jk iudchkays zzfoaY fm%añkaf.a wruqK úh hq;af;a iudchu; md,lhka úiska k%shd;aul lsÍug ú¾hhlrK n,hg iSudjla mekùuhs¡Z Tjqka úiska zzksoyiZZ hkqfjka w¾:l;kh lrkq ,nkafka fuu iSudjhs¡ZZ hkqfjka  ñ,a m%ldY lr we;¡ ksoyi Èkd .ekSu i|yd  ksis m%;sfrdaOhla $ le/,a,la we;s lsÍu hqla;s iy.; nj;a" ke;akï  md,ln,fhys jvd jeo.;a l%shdjka i|yd md,s; ck;d n,uKav,hlska md,k wêldßh úiska  wkque;sh .ekSfï l%fudamdhla ;sìh hq;= nj ñ,af.a woyihs¡ m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,kh ;=< jqjo" nyq;rhlf.a leue;a; u; n,h mejfrk md,k wêldß n,h we;s wdKavq úiska ;ukaf.au iq¿;rhlf.a m%cd mSvkh we;s lsÍu flfrys n,mEï we;s l< yels nj Tyqf.au u;h úh¡ fujeks m%cd mSvk flfrys tla tla  mqoa.,hd tlaùfuka iukaú; jk iudchu m%cd mSvlhd jkúg" lDDr md,kh hkak foaYmd,k wêldßka úiskau isÿlrkq ,nk ls%hdjla fkdjkq we;¡

6¡ iodpdrh" m%N+mka;sh yd rdcH m%;sm;a;s

 ñ,a ;¾l lrkafka zzm%N= mx;shla isák fld;ekl fyda fõjd tu rfgys iodpdrh ms<sn|j úYd, m%udKhla woyia WmÈkafka tu mx;sfhys Y+N isoaêh yd fY%aIaG;ajh ms<sn|j ye.Sug wkqrEmjk wdldrfhks¡ZZ fndfyda iudc fÄohkag " zzjrojd jgyd f.k we;s pdß;%jdß;% j, ;sfnk úÊcdldr n,meje;au fya;=jkafkao ñksiaj¾.hd úiska Tjqfkdjka fj; mkjdf.k we;s mqoa., yeisÍu" iïnkaO iudcÍ;s j,g rel=,la jYfhkao" iudchSh pdß;% jdß;% hkaf.a n,mEu iudc l%uh ;=<u ia:dms; lr .kakd ,§¡ hkqfjka Tyq olajkafka mqoa., ksoyi yd yeisÍu iïnkaOfhka iudch úiska olajk wêldß n,h ñ;Hjla njh¡ my; oelafjk Tyqf.a woyia ;shqKqh¡ ñksia iudch ;=< wdfõKsl ,laIKhla jkafka wkq.ukh lsÍu ms<sn| mqreoaohs¡ ;ud úiskau yd ;u mßjdr wkq.dñ ck;dj úiska o lghq;= l< wldrhg iudcfha wfkl=;a mqoa.,hkap l%shdl, hq;=h hk u;h iEu ukqIHfhl= ;=<u uq,aneif.k we;s woyils¡ kS;sfhka fyda cku;h u`.ska fyda mqoa., yeisÍu ms<sn|j mekfjk kS;sÍ;s l%shd;aul lsrug fyda thska je,lS isáug fyda ñksid l%shd;au; jkafka iajlSh iajdñjreka úiska fyda foújreka úiska ;uka flfrys olajk mlaImd;s Ndjhg fyda ms<sl=<g ñksiaj¾.hd jy,aj isák neúks¡ iqpß;Ndjh ms<sn|j .eg¨j,§ ñksid lDDr jOysxidj,g,la jkafka tlS .e;slu fyda jy,aNdjh ms<sn| ñ;Hd ufkdaNdjhka ksid nj ñ,a ;¾l lrhs¡ ñksia iudch úiska ia:djrNdjhlska hqla;j b;d Wodr;ajhla ysñlr .ksñka mj;ajdf.k meñK we;s úYaIaG ldrKh wd.ñl úYajdi nj;a" wka;.dñ yd iudc ys;ldó fkdjk wd.ñl oafõYh mokï fldg wúpdrYs,s Ndjfhka iajlSh u;fhysu t,anf.k isák wd.ñl ixia:du`.ska iodpdr ye`.sï ms<sn|j iïm%odhsl .;dkq.;sl;ajh flfrys lsis÷ ielhla fkdolaj;s¡

tfia jqjo" 18 jeks ishjfia isg m%isoaêfha mqoa.,hd i;= whs;sh zzksoyiZZ ms<sn|j ñ,af.a u;fhys bÈßm;a jq ;¾l w;r wmeyeÈ,s;djhka we;¡ thg fya;=j ;d¾;s; .eg¨ yd wixl+,;djhhs¡ zzksoyiZZ ms<sn| úu¾Ykfha§ zzksoyiZZ iudch ;=< wod, lr .ekSu iïnkaOfhka ks¾jpk ksrdl+,Ndjhla fkd;sìñh¡ flfia jqjo iudc ueÈy;aùfuka fyda rcfha md,kafhka zzfm!oa.,sl ksoyiZZ wdrCId lr.; hq;=h hk f;audj meyeÈ,sj bÈßm;a ù we;¡ tfiau od¾Yksl miqìul isg ^1& iudc fyda mqoa.,sl zzis;=ú,sZZ yd zzl%shdjka ZZ w;r  fjkio @ ^2&  iudc iïuq;sh $ wdpdrO¾u  yd iudc iïm%odh yd rcfha md,kh w;r fjkio @ ^3&  mqoa.,hd i;= w;audfmaCIdj yd mßksIaG yeisÍu ms<sn| fjki o wjodrKhg ,la ù we;¡ is;Sfï ksoyi fukau u;hla m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyi o ;sìh hq;= njg wjOdrKh lr we;¡ u;hla m%ldY lsÍu iudcfhys wkHhkag n,meje;sõh yels l%shdjla jqjo" u;hla m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyig lsisúfgl;a ndOdfkdl, hq;= nj fmkajd fohs¡ tfia jqjo wfkl=;a idudðlhkaf.a whs;sjdislïj,g wod, fkdjk ldrKd j,§ zziudchSh fyda uyck u;fhys iduqys; wêldrhZZ fmkajd fohs¡ uyck u;hka md,kh lsÍu i|yd jk rdcH wêldr u;fhys m%n,;ajh wêljk w;r tlS mSvdldÍ nkaOkhla we;s flfrk njgo Tyq ;jÿrg;a ;¾l lrhs¡ wdpd¾h lßka ä Is,aâia úiska ñ,af.a zzksoyiZZ  kï lD;sh ;=< Yla;sh olakafka zzñksidg iy iudchg" úúOdldr jq pß; rdYshl we;s jeo.;alu iy" udkqIsl m%lD;shg thg ßÈ mßÈ" wkka;jQ;a" úioDYjq;a Èidjkag jHdma; ùug iïmq¾K ksoyi §fï we;s jeo.;aluhsZZ jYfhks¡

 mqoa.,fhl= ;=< udkisl yd iodpdrd;au; m%lD;sh j¾Okh ùfï l%shdj,sfha § iïm%odhsl iudc iïuq;s úiska ndod fkdl< hq;af;ah¡ zzksoyiZZ ke;akï zzmqoa., ksoyiZZ ms<sn\ ms<s.;a uq,O¾u wndÈ;j meje;au u`.ska mqoa., pß; yd fm!reI;aj j¾Okh ùu ;=<ska we;s flfrk iudc w.hka yd  iudc j¾Okhk buy;ah¡ iy ;u úreoaOjd§ msßiaj,g tfrysj ;u n,h yd ksoyi l%shd;aul lsÍug iudchg we;s whs;sh m%isoaêfha m%ldY flrefKka zzksoyiZZ i|yd jq wd.ñl újdo mßY%hla ;=< Èh¡ fuu ld,h ;=< " uyckhdf.a wNsreÑhg m%;smCIjk wNsreÈhla wdKavqj ksfhdackh lrk njg ;snq úYajdih u; " mqoa., ksoyi ms<sn| rcfha ueÈy;a ùu flf¾¡ ck;dj ielfhka isák nj;a" fm!oa.,sl ksoyig wvx.= hful=f.a fm!oa.,sl foaj,a md,kh lsÍug rdcH ueÈy;aùu fkdl< hq;= njg;a ñ,a ;¾l lrhs¡ m%cd;ka;%jdÈ md,k l%u yd wdKavqfõ uOHu mx;sfha ksfhdackh jeäùu;a iu`. mqoa.,sl ksoyi wdKavqfõ wdl%uKhg ,lajk iuld,Sk nqoaêu;=ka úiska ;¾lrK ,§¡ tfia jqjo rcfha ueÈy;aùu ms<sn| fya;= iys;j iïm%odhsl jYfhka úu¾Ykh lsÍug yd fhda.Hho" wfhda.Hho hkak ;SrKh lsÍug isoaOdka;hla ke;snjo  Tjqka  ta;a;= .;af;ah¡

iudc m%.;sh i|yd zzmqoa., ksoyiZZ iïnkaO kS;Hdkql+, wjia:djka fyda lafIa;%hkao " iudc wêldßfha ueÈy;aùu iïnkaO kS;s wjia:d yd lafIa;%hka o" ú.%y lsÍu  19 jeks ishjfiys hqfrdamfha nqoaêu;=ka ú.%y lf<ah¡ fï ish¨ foa zziudcm%.;shZZ hk uy`.= wruqK u; ielish hq;=fõ¡ zzmqoa., ksoyiZZ fyda iudchSh fmdÿ ksoyiZZ u`.ska udkj j¾.hdf.a m%.;shg ys;lrjk ish¨ l%shdjkaf.a iSudjkao" udkj m%.;shg ys;lr fkdjk l%shdjkaf.a iSudjkao" od¾Yksl nqoaêu;=ka fukau kS;sh ms<sn| nqoaêu;=kao y÷kd .ekSug W;aidy fldg ;sfí¡ mqoa., ksoyi flf¾ iudc wêldßfha n,mEu ms<sn| .eg¨j iudc úoHd;aul jYfhka m%dfhda.sl .eg¨jls¡ thg ms<s;=re ,efnkqfha iudc wd¾Ól m%.;shg wkql+,jh¡

zzmqoa., ksoyiZZ ms<sn| ldrKh " foaYmd,k od¾Yksl iajrEmfhka ú.%y lsÍug 19 jeks ishjfiys nqoaêu;=ka fm<Uqk w;r " foaYmd,k ksoyi iy fmdÿ ck wNs,dYhka yd ne\qKq iudcm%.;sh wruqKq lr.;a Ñka;kj rgdjka úúO uqyqKqjßka biau;=jkakg úh¡ fnka;ï jd§kaf.a m%h;akh jq iq¿;rhla jq bvï ysñ m%N+mx;shg tfrysj" uOHu mx;sfha foaYmd,k n,h ;yjqre ;sÍuh¡ fï wkqj 19 jeks ishjfia uq,aNd.h ;=< fnka;ïjd§ foaYmd,k m%;sixialrK we;súh¡ zzksoyiZZ yd zziudc m%.;shZZ u; isg jeäu msßilg jeäu hym; ie,fik foaYmd,k wd¾Ól Ñka;kh Wkkaÿ lsÍu w;HdjYH wxYh njg m;aúh¡ fï w;r" lïlre mx;sfha foaYmd,k wd¾Ól ksoyi ms<sn| u;o u;=jkakg úh¡

Tyqf.a .%ka:fha uq,a mßÉfþofha§u zzksoyig fmrjoklaZZ jYfhka wdrïNfha§u ;¾l lrkafka zzmqoa., ksoyiZZ wdl,amkh lsÍfï §  mqoa., ksoyi u`.ska wkHhka fj; flfrk n,mEu muKlau uq,a;ekg .ekSu fld;rï fhda.Hjkafkaoehs ;¾l lrñksZZ ´kEu flfkl=f.a yeisÍfuys  Tyq iudchg j.lsj hq;= fldgi kï" wkHhkag wod, jk fldgihs¡ ;ukagu muKla n,mj;ajk fldgi iïnkaOfhka Tyqg we;s ksoyi  mru whs;sjdisluls¡ ;uka iïnkaOfhka Tyqg we;s mru  whs;sjdisluls¡ ;uka iïnkaOfhka fukau ;udf.a isrer iy uki iïnkaOfhkao mqoa.,hdg iajdêm;Hh ysñhZZ hkqfjka ñ,a ;¾l lrhs¡ ;jo ish¨u wdldrfha wdpdr O¾u yd wdY%s; .eg¨ ms<sn| m%n,u wdl¾Ykh úh hq;af;a  tys zzWmfhda.S;djh ZZms<sn| ;;ajhhs¡ th ñksia j¾.hdf.a iaÓr iqN isoaêh u; mokï úh hq;=h¡ th mq¿,a w¾:hl Wmfhda.s;djhlao úh hq;=uh" hkak f.kyer olajhs¡

 oekg ñksid úiska ,nd we;s iudc wd¾Ól m%.;shg wkql+,jk j¾;udk YsIagdodrh úiska" mqoa., ksoyi u; flfrk ls%hdjla u`.ska wfkl=;a whs;sjdislïj,g wjysr jk úg tu l%shdj ndysr md,khlg tkï" iudc wêldr n,hg o" kS;shg o hg;afõ¡ tfiau mqoa.,hd úiska iudchg bgqúh hq;=lï meyer yeÍuo iudc wêldß n,hg yd kS;shg h;a fõ¡ mqoa.,fhl= hïlsis l%shdjla lsÍfuka muKla fkdj hïlsis l%shdjla fkdlsÍfuka o wkHhkag fyda iudchg kmqrla isÿl< yelsh¡ j¾;udk kS;su`.ska yd iudc Í;s u`.ska " rchka úiska yd iudch úiska fulS ;;a;ajhka wjia:dfkdaÑ; mßÈ ueÈy;a ùulg ,la lrkq ,nhs¡ tfia jqjo" is;sfï ksoyio" thg iïnkaO woyia m%ldY lsÍfï ksoyio" ,sùfï ksoyio " 18 jk ishji jk úg hqfrdamh mqrd ia:dms; fjñka meje;sks¡  fuu ksoyi ms<sn|j we;sj újD; Ndjhka " ixjdoYs,s Ndjhka" ck;dn,h ms<sn|j yd m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavql%u ms<sn|j uq,sl u; ms<s.ekSulg m%úIaGhla ,nd.;af;ah¡

iagqj¾Ü ñ,af.a .%ka:fha fojeks mßÉfþofhka zzis;sfï yd idlÉPd lsÍfï ksoyiZZ ms<sn| ú.%yhl fhfohs¡ hqfrdamd b;sydifhys 18-19 ishjia ;=< nqoaêu;=ka jeä jYfhka oeä wjodkh fhduq lf<a fï ms<sn|jh¡ foaYmd,kh yd od¾Yksl b;sydifha ñksid jeä m%udKhl  ksoyila N+la;s úÈh hq;= jqfha  fï úIh ms<sn|jh¡ zm%ldYkhZ iy zu;hZ ms<sn| ;¾l lrk ñ,a zzu;hl I;H;dj jq l,s tys Wmfhda.s;djfhkau fldgila njZZ fmkajd fohs¡ b;du hym;a ñksiqkaf.a u;h wkqj i;Hhg mgyeks ´keu úYajdihla ks;HjYfhkau m%fhdackj;a fkdjk nj fmkajd fohs¡

    

7¡ ksoyi yd u; .egqu

ñ,af.a .%ka:fha 3 jeks mßÉfþofhka ksoyi ms<n| Tyqf.a m%ia;=; f;audj jq zzY=N idOkfhys uq,sl wx.hla jYfhka fm!oa.,sl;ajfhys ksoyiZZ ms<sn|j ú.%y lrhs¡ fuys§ wkHhkag tkï wkHkaf.a ksoyig ndOd muqKqjkakd jq fyda w.;s.dójkakd jq fyda l%shdjla lsÍug zzmqoa.,sl ksoyiZZ ;=< wjldYhla fkd;sìh hq;=h hkak ñ,a ;rfha ms<s.ks¡ zzu; m%ldYlrK wjia:dkq.; ;;ajh wkqj tajd u`.ska lsishï uer l%shdjlg ck;dj ;=< Wis.kajkq ,nkafka kï ta ksid u;j,g ysñj we;s zzuqla;shZZ wysñj hkafkah¡ZZ  zz--- ÿmam;=ka l=i.skafka ;nkafka ;sß`.= fj<÷ka úiska hhso" fmd!oa.,sl foam< jq l,S  uxfld,a,lk ,oafoa hhso" m;% ud¾.fhka m;=rejd yeßh úg bka mSvdjla ùug bv ke;¡ tfy;a ;sß`.= fjf<kafol=f.a ksjila bÈßmsg /iaj  isák l,n,ldß ck;djla wu;d th m%ldY l< úg fyda m;dlhla jYfhka ilia lr th Tjqka w;g m;a l< úg" ta i|yd o`vqjï meñKs ùug idOdrK bvla ;sfí¡ZZ hkqfjka ñ,a iduldó iy ;d¾ls; mßirhl isg  fmkajd § ;sfí¡  fuh  zzñ,aZZ f.a fjk;a ldrKd iïnkaO oeä úfõpk iu`. ixikaokh  lsÍfïÈ  Tyq iodpdrh yd kS;sh ms<sn|jo f.!rjdkaú;j fuysÈ lreKq bÈßm;a lr we;s nj ms<s.; hq;=h¡

iagqjrÜ ñ,a Tyqf.a .%ka:fha 4 jeks mßÉfþofhka zzmqoa.,hd u; iudch úiska mj;ajk wên,fhys iSudjkaZZ ms<sn| úfõpkd;aul úu¾IKhla lrhs¡ Tyqf.a uq,slu ;¾lh Tyq f.dvk.kafka fufiah¡ zz;uka iïnkaOfhka mqoa.,fhl= i;=j we;s mrudëm;Hhg ksisf,i ysñúh hq;= iSudj l=ulao@ mqoa.,hd u; iudch i;= wên,fhys wdrïNh we;s jkafka fld;ekskao@  udkj ðú;fhka fld;rï m%udKhla mejßh hq;= jkafka o@  iudcuh ne§ï kshukh msKsi iudchg;a  mejßh hq;=jkafka o@ iudcuh ne§ï ks.ukh msKsi iudc iïuq;s wjYH fkdjk nj;a thska hym;la fkdjk nj;a fm!oa.,sl;ajh iy zzmqoa., ksoyiZZ iy iudc whs;sjdislï yd iudchSh fmdÿ ksoyi n,k úg ta ta wxY flfrys jvd;a wod,jk lreKq fudkjdo hkak ksYaÑ; fldg" iudc Ôú;h ;=< mqoa.,hd ie,ls,a,la olajk foh fm!oa.,sl;ajhg o" iudc ie,ls,a,la olajk fldgi  iudchg o ysñúh hq;= nj Tyqf.a woyihs¡  fufia ia:r folla ;=< jk yeisÍu ;=< mqoa.,hd yd iudch w;r fndfydaúg >Ügk we;súh yelsnj Tyqf.a ;¾lhg  yiqù ke;¡ tfia jqjo " zzmqoa.,hdZZ iy iudch w;r ne÷Kq iïuq;shla wjYHh nj;a" iudcfhka Tyqg ,efnk  wdrCIdj yd m%fhdackj,g ir,k f,i Tyqf.ka iudchgo Tyq hula ,ndÈh hq;=nj ms<s.ks¡ zziudch ;=< Ôj;aùu hkq h:d¾:hla ksidu"  tys Ôj;ajk iEu mqoa.,fhl=u" wfkl=;a  mqoa.,hka flfrys mej;sh hq;= lsishï l%uhla wkq.ukh lsÍu wksjd¾h ù ;sfíZZ  fufia iudch yd mqoa.,hd ;=<  meje;au u; meje;sh hq;= nj Tyq ms<sf.k we;¡ fuu iïnkaO;djh ;=< " kS;uh jYfhka mekù we;s úêúOdk u`.ska flfrk md,khg wod, meje;au iy iudc kS;s yd iudc m%;sm;a;s u`.ska ksy`vj we;s lrf.k we;s fyda we;s lr.; yels wjfndaOh u; whs;sjdislï jYfhka ms<s.efkk foa ksoyi ;+< ks;e;skau we;=<;a ù we;

 mqoa.,fhl= úiska wmlS¾;shg m;ajk foa w;r" Tyq úiska lrk foa iy Tyq ,nd we;s mqreÿ yd iudcfha fmdÿ wfmaCId yd mqreId¾: iu`. .eàfuka we;sjk foa m%Odk ;ekla .kS¡ mqoa., wj.=K jYfhka yd iodpdr úfrdaë ÿYapß; ms<sn| iudc ú{dKh  mqoa.,hd flf¾ iDcqju n,mdhs¡ tfia jqjo mqoa.,hka i;=j we;s zzw;audfmaCI ZZ jerÈj, ÿIaGlula ke;snj;a" mqoa.,hd ;ud flf¾  ie,ls<su;a úh hq;af;a l=uk fya;=jla ksido hkak;a mqoa.,hdf.a zzfm!oa.,sl;ajhZZ g wod, m%YaKhls¡ wfkla w;g " mqoa.,hdu; iudc n,fha idOdrK me;a;la we;s nj;a" fndfyda úg .egqï we;sjkqfha ñksid ;=< we;s fmdÿ úIu;djhka jk" ;r`.ldß;ajh" B¾IHdj " fl%daOh" ffjrh" m<s.ekSu " mlaImd;s;jh jeks lreKq w;r jk yeisÍï ksidh¡ fï wkqj zzmqoa.,hdZZ fukau iudcho Tjqfkdjqka úiskau isÿlr.kakd wk¾:lï" wju lr .ekSu iïnkaO fmdÿ iyfhda.S;djh Yla;su;a l< hq;=h

iagqj¾Ü ñ,a Tyqf.a .%ka:fha wjidk mßÉfþofhka zzNdú;hZZ ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrhs¡ Tyqf.a iïmq¾K W;aidyh ;=< isoaOdka; folla Tiafia ;¾l lr we;¡  m<uq isoaOdka;h kï  mqoa.,fhl= úiska lrk l%shdjla Tyqgu  yer" Tyqf.a Y=N isoaêhg muKula jk kuq;a   fjk;a wfhl=g  fyda iudc Y=N isoaêhg fya;= fkdfõ kï jqjo"  Tyq iudchg j.lj hq;= fkdfõ¡ iudch ;=<  wm%idohla we;akï  hqla;siy.; ud¾.h jkafka Tyqg wjjdo lsÍu fyda Tyq u.yer isàuhs¡ fojk isoaOdka;h kï" wkHhkaf.a Y+N isoaêhg yd whs;sjdislïj,g ydks iys; l%shdjka iïnkaOfhka mqoa.,hd iudchg j.lsj hq;= w;r Tyq iudch úiska fyda kS;sh u`.ska o`vqjulg hg;a lsÍu hqla;s iy;hZZhkakhs¡

 fuu mßÉfþofha jeä fldgi zzksoyiZZ iïnkaOfhka rcfha iy iodpdr ixia:djkaf.a wka;¾ iïnkaOfhys iajrEmh ú.%y lrhs¡ ì%;dkHh ;=< 18 iy 19 jk Y; j¾Ij, we;sjq nqoaê m%fndaOh ;=<  úúO foaYmd,k o¾Yk we;sjq w;r iagqjÜ  ñ,a  zzksoyiZZ hkak mq¿,a lafI;%h; mj;sk nj ikd: lf<ah¡ mqoa.,hd i;=  foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï  yd Okh fn§hEu ms<sn|j kj m%;sixialrK flfrys we§hkakg jQfha fuu m%;sm;a;s >Ügkh  ;=<g iudcjdÈ lïlre mx;sh w; oeóu;a iu`.h¡ lïlre mx;sfha foaYmd,k wd¾Ól ksoyi ms<sn| iudcjd§ Ñka;kh fjkqjg whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%;sixialrK jd§kaf.a ueÈy;aùu foaYmd,k iudch ;=< olakg ,enqKs¡ ,snr,a jd§kaf.a ueÈy;a ùu foaYmd,k iudch ;=< olakg ,enqKs¡ ,snr,ajd§ka fyj;a iaj;ka;% jd§ka yd /äl,a fyj;a WkauQ,jdÈkaf.a o¾Yk yd l%shdl,dm w;r iagqj¾Ü ñ,a foda,kh jQ nj foaYmd,k úpdrlhkaf.a woyihs¡ úfYaI lreK kï lemSfmfkk foaYmd,k m%;sixialrKjd§ Ñka;khka ;=< ^ fnka;ïjd§ iy f*aìhka jd§& ;snq úúOdlr Ñka;k .egqï w;r zzksoyiZZ yd neÿKq rcfha wêldßn,h yd mqoa., ksoyi yd ne÷Kq iudc ixia:d wêldr n,h iïnkaO bÈß Ñka;khkaf.a j¾Okh m%úIaG  fodrlvla iagqj¾Ü ñ,a úiska újD; l< nj fmdÿ ms<s.ekSuhs¡ 

ñ,a ;¾l lrkafka hïlsis iudchg wys; lr hula md,kh lsÍu fyda ;ykï lsÍfï §  wkq.ukh l< hq;af;a  ksIamdolhdf.a fyda fjf<kaodf.a ksoyig ndOd lsÍï ksid fkdj nvq .ekqïlrejkaf.a ksoyig ndod lsÍu ksidh¡ îu;alu mqoa., wfmaCIs; l%shdjkag wh;a nj;a rcfha fyda  iudcfha ueÈy;aùug wjYHh l%shdjla fkdjk njg ;¾l lrhs¡ tfy;a îu;alu ksid wkHkag jk lror j,§ muKla iudchg fyda kS;shg ueÈy;a úh yelsh¡ îu;a lñka ksrka;rj wkHhkag lror lrk mqoa.,hd flfrys t,a,jk  o`vqjï" Tyqf.a ksoyi W,a,x.Kh lsÍula fkdfõ¡ fï whqßkau Tyq iqÿ fl<sh yd .Ksld jD;a;sh jeks jerÈ ms<sn| ;¾l lrhs¡ fmd,sishg fld;rï n,;, ÿkak;a iQÿ fmd,j,a hï hï fya;=u; mj;ajdf.k hdug mq¿jka lu we;¡ fuu lghq;=j, kshqla; jk mqoa.,hka muKla tu lghq;=j, kshqla; jk ksid tajdfha ryiH Ndjh iudchg o" rchgo wkdjrKh lr.; fkdyel¡ hïlsis NdKavhla Ndú;d lrk wh w;r iudc Ndú;h wju lsÍu i|yd  ñ, wêl lsÍu fyda ;ykï lsÍu nyq;rhlf.a ksoyi W,a,x>kh lsÍula nj;a" mqoa.,hd yd iudc l%shdldrlï iïnkaOfhkao  " fm!oa.,sl wjYH;d iïnkaO mqoa.,hd i;= ksoyi whs;sjdislï o fjkqfjka rcfha ueÈy;a ùu ksid mqoa., ksoyi lvùfï ;;a;ajhg m;a fkdúh hq;= nj iagqj¾g’ ó,a ;rfha úYajdi lrhs¡